MA in Clinical Psychology
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Öğe Differential associations of childhood adversity subtypes and psychopathology in men and women(CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2023-11-16) Prachason, T; Mutlu, İremIntroduction Prior evidence suggests that men and women might be differentially susceptible to distinct types of childhood adversity (CA), but research on gender-specific associations between CA subtypes and psychiatric symptoms is limited. Objectives To test the gender-specific associations of CA subtypes and psychiatric symptoms in the general population. Methods Data from 791 twins and siblings from the TwinssCan project were used. Psychopathology and CA exposure were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), respectively. The associations between the total CTQ scores and SCL-90 scores (i.e. total SCL-90, psychoticism, paranoid ideation, anxiety, depression, somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, hostility, and phobic anxiety) were tested in men and women separately. The associations between the five CA subtypes (i.e. physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect) and total SCL-90 were tested in a mutually adjusted model. As exploratory analyses, the associations between all CA subtypes and the nine SCL-90 subdomain scores were similarly tested. The regression coefficients between men and women were compared using Chow’s test. All models were adjusted for age and family structure. Results Total CTQ was significantly associated with total SCL-90 in men (B = 0.013, SE = 0.003, P < .001) and women (B = 0.011, SE = 0.002, P < .001). The associations with the nine symptom domains were also significant in both genders (P < .001). No significant gender differences in the regression coefficients of total CTQ were detected. The analyses of CA subtypes showed a significant association between emotional abuse and total SCL-90 in women (B = 0.173, SE = 0.030, P < .001) and men (B = 0.080, SE = 0.035, P = .023), but the association was significantly stronger in women (?2(1) = 4.10, P = .043). The association of sexual abuse and total SCL-90 was only significant in women (B = 0.217, SE = 0.053, P < .001). The associations of emotional neglect (B = 0.061, SE = 0.027, P = .026) and physical neglect (B = 0.167, SE = 0.043, P < .001) with total SCL-90 were only significant in men. The explorative analyses of SCL-90 subdomains revealed significant associations of emotional abuse with all nine symptom domains and of sexual abuse with seven symptom domains in women. Significant associations of physical neglect with six symptom domains and of emotional neglect with depression were also detected in men. No other significant associations between CT subtypes and total SCL-90 or symptom domain scores were observed in men and women. Conclusions CA exposure was associated with diverse psychopathology similarly in both genders. However, women are more sensitive to abuse, but men are more sensitive to neglect. Gender-specific influences of CA subtypes on psychopathology should be considered in future studies. Disclosure of Interest None DeclaredÖğe When "you" and "me" become "we": the sense of unity in relationship-defining memories(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Yavuz Çiftçi, Buse; Çavdar Sideris, AlevABSTRACT: Previous studies showed that there is a relationship between the sense of unity of individuals and their relationship satisfaction. Also, it is implied that there is a link between the sense of unity and attachment security of couples. There were three aims of the present study. First aim was to examine what predicts relationship satisfaction. Another purpose of the present study was to study what predicts attachment security. It is hypothesized that “we” words (namely, the sense of unity) in relationship-defining memories and the levels of positive and negative emotions memories with these memories can predict not only relationship satisfaction but also attachment security of couples. Final goal of the present study was to conduct a content analysis for themes in relationship-defining memories. Participants wrote down the memories that most reflected and defined their relationship. Then, they rated their emotions they felt about these memories. Finally, they completed Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Brief Accessibility, Responsiveness, and Engagement Scale (BARE) to measure their relationship satisfaction and attachment security, respectively. After conducting separate multiple regression analyses for examining what predicts relationship satisfaction and attachment security, it was revealed that the sense of unity, positive emotions, and negative emotions associated with relationship-defining memories predicted attachment security. Nevertheless, only the sense of unity and positive emotions experienced in relationship-defining memories predicted relationship satisfaction. On the other hand, fourteen themes emerged in participants’ relationshipdefining memories after four different coders analyzed dominant themes in memories. Results are discussed within the existing literature. Finally, clinical implications of results regarding the sense of unity, positive emotions, negative emotions, relationship satisfaction and attachment security were discussed.Öğe Women's experiences of rebuilding lives with children after domestic violence: a qualitative study(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Kaner, Selin Ayşe; Bolak, HaleABSTRACT: This study investigates the experiences of women who have been exposed to domestic violence and separated to rebuild lives with their children in Turkey. Semi-structured interviews with 8 women who have left abusive conjugal relationships to form single-parent families at least 6 months prior to the interview were conducted. In the interviews, the separation and post-separation experiences of participants with a special focus on their relations with their children is explored. The mean age of the participants was 39, and the mean duration of the violent marriage was 14 years and participant women had either 2 or 3 children. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and through analysis three main themes are developed which are Children as Relational Sources of Resilience: Cycle of Empowerment, Coming to Terms with the Destructiveness and Absence of Father, and Bonds of Care in a Hostile Context. The findings of this study demonstrated how participants needed to reorganize their various relationships, delineating new familial roles and internal and external boundaries during separation and postseparation period to achieve relative security and stability in their lives. While women seemed to have strengthened their relationship with their children and with extra-familial people who support them, they managed to limit their contact and expectations from the perpetrator and their family of origin. Women are documented to have struggled not only against violent partners but also a debilitating social, economic, political, and institutional context in terms of childcare, job security, and legal measures to prevent post-separation violence which also impacts and over-burdens children. The findings are discussed in relation to the existing literature in the field. Limitations and suggestions for further studies and clinical implications of the study are presented.Öğe Turkish adaptation of a brief self-report measure of fantasy proneness: the creative experiences questionnaire (ceq)(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Çekmez, Musa; Maçkalı, ZeynepABSTRACT: The primary purpose of this study is to adapt the Creative Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), a brief 25-item self-report measure of fantasy proneness which was originally developed in Netherland, to Turkish and to assess its reliability and validity in Turkey population. The original measure was translated from English to Turkish by following a guide of cross-cultural adaptation. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to evaluate the factor structure of the CEQ, and it revealed outcomes that highly resembled the original. Single factor solution was determined based on the scree plot and none of the items were removed. Reliability and validity analyses were conducted with 464 participants from diverse backgrounds. The findings show that the CEQ presents adequate internal consistency and test-retest stability. Significant correlations were found between the CEQ and standard measures of constructs that were reported among the highest correlates of fantasy proneness: dissociation and magical ideation. CEQ scores negatively correlated with impression management dimension of social desirability. These results support the criterion validity of the measure. Furthermore, the negative relationship with impression management shows that the items do not allude to deceiving or lying which has been seen as a primary limitation of self-report measures. Consequently, the results of the present study demonstrated that the CEQ is a valid and reliable instrument for adult population in Turkey. Initial information regarding the relationship between fantasy proneness and the demographic variables of the population was also documented. While fantasy proneness scores do not significantly differ between genders, it was observed that the scores are negatively correlated with age. A positive relationship between interest in creative activities and fantasy proneness was reported. Moreover, people who are involved in or aiming to be involved in creative activities professionally were found more fantasy prone than others. The CEQ can be used in multivariate analysis and can be involved in experimental research in various research domains. The findings are discussed along with clinical implications of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researchÖğe Adolescents’ perceptions of psychological dating violence: a focus-group study(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Ateş, Fatma Selin; Bolak, HaleABSTRACT : The present thesis intends to investigate adolescents’ perceptions of psychological dating violence on the basis of media representations of romantic relationships and to what extent they tend to normalize this violence with the effect of romantic myths and sexist attitudes. Twelve high school students participated in a one-session focus group in which they discussed dating, the ideal romantic relationship, the effect of media, and dating violence incidents through presented video clips. Following the focus groups, four major themes emerged from thematic analysis. The first theme “Perception of dating as a process with novel emotions, behaviors, and interpersonal dynamics” reflected how adolescents frame the concept of “dating”. The second theme “Romantic relationships are complicated: Mutuality, jealousy and double standards” explained the adolescents’ opinions about relationships. The third theme “Acknowledging the role of media on romantic relationships” revealed what participants think about the romantic relationships presented in the media. Finally, under the last theme, “Tentative recognition of power issues in dating,” participants discussed the manifestations of dating violence within the presented video clips. In that sense, even though they depicted these incidents and regarded “problematic”, they tend to romanticize and normalize the violence as a show of protection and a sign of love if the perpetrator appeared to be sad. The results indicated that even though the influence of romantic myths and sexist attitudes do exist, adolescents are aware of the manifestations of dating violence.Öğe Women's experience of safety and agency on online dating platforms(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Yavaşcaoğlu, Cansu; Üstünel Balcı, Anıl ÖzgeABSTRACT: Online dating practices are transforming the way of meeting and connecting with potential partners. However, online dating and in-person dating have risks. While forming meaningful connections is important, experiencing dating violence can have severe long-lasting negative effects. Thus, safety in online and offline dating is crucial. In Turkey, users’ motivations and preferences on online dating platforms, general attitudes toward and the stigma around online dating have been studied. Yet, no previous work addressed how heterosexual women experience safety and agency when online dating in the cultural context of Turkey. To address this gap, this study explored women’s experiences of online dating, how they experience their agency, anticipate, and respond to risks. It also examined how young heterosexual women define and navigate safety, build security, and exert agency when online dating. Eleven women, aged 18-35, who online dated for at least 1 month, were interviewed individually. From a qualitative research frame, the data was analyzed with thematic analysis. Four main themes were developed: Anticipating Risks of Online Dating, Developing Online Strategies for Safety, Developing Strategies to Move Beyond the Risks, and Reaping Benefits Despite Challenges. Findings revealed that women faced gender-based, physical, and digital risks and challenges, yet developed strategies to move beyond the risks in pursuit of the benefits they identified. The results are discussed in the light of literature, and the clinical implications of the findings on women’s freedom to safe dating and sexuality without being the sole carriers of the burdens of engaging in safety work are presented. The strengths and limitations of the present study, and how these limitations can be addressed in future research are discussed.Öğe The association of recurrent dreams with psychological symptomatology and dissociation: mentalization as a potential moderator(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Aksu, H. Nurkut; Sideris, Alev ÇavdarABSTRACT: Recurrent Dreams are experienced widely by various individuals across different populations; however, it has not received its deserving place in literature. Previous literature on recurrent dreams suggests an association with lower levels of psychological well-being, higher levels of psychological distress, and the presence of a previous psychological conflict. The current study aims to investigate the underlying dynamics of Recurrent Dreaming, therefore the association between Recurrent Dreaming, Psychological Symptomatology, Dissociation, and the possible moderating role of Mentalization is investigated. Moreover, the relationship between Recurrent Dreams and Typical Dream Motifs are examined. The Turkish versions of the scales; Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), Mentalization Scale (MentS), Dream Motif Scale-Short Form (DMS-SF20) were administered; additionally, the recurrent dream and general dream experiences were measured through newly constructed variables. The contents of the most influential recurrent dreams reported are coded using Hall/ Van de Castle System of Content Analysis. Overall, 630 participants completed the dream related questions and 513 participants provided full valid responses to the whole survey. The current study provided comprehensive findings regarding the background characteristics of the individuals experiencing recurrent dreams in the Turkish population. The majority of the participants (71.4%) reported seeing Recurrent Dreams and the reported tone of the most influential recurrent dreams were predominantly Negative. The participants who were women, younger, single, and/or with a history of mental help were more likely to experience recurrent dreams, had a higher frequency of experiencing recurrent dreams and the level of experiencing apprehensive emotions in their most influential recurrent dream was higher. The current study provided further, comprehensive findings regarding the background characteristics of the individuals experiencing recurrent dreams in the Turkish population which are presented and discussed in detail. Specific relationships between experiencing recurrent dreaming, the study variables and content analysis are also reported. The main analysis of the current study, Ordinal Regression Model Analysis revealed that Dissociation, Mentalization and the interaction between Psychological Symptomatology and Mentalization significantly predicted the frequency of Recurrent Dreaming. These findings are discussed, in light of the existing literature with a psychoanalytic perspective; limitations of the current study and future directions are providedÖğe A qualitative study on therapeutic alliance in psychodynamic play therapy during the Covid-19 pandemic(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Baştürk, Büşra; Maçkalı, ZeynepABSTRACT: The covid-19 outbreak has affected the lives of many people and many areas of life including health systems, the economy, and education globally. Contrary to the dominance of in-person modalities of everyday life, online alternatives emerged with the sudden and unpredictable change the pandemic brought. Online therapy substituted for face-to-face therapy as an indispensable option during the pandemic. Even though online therapy with adults was preferable before the pandemic, online therapy with children and adolescents was a new experience for psychotherapists and clients. Despite the growing number of research about online therapy, there is limited research on how child and adolescent therapists who work with psychodynamic play therapy experience online therapy and establishing a therapeutic relationship with children, adolescents, and their families. In the present study, the main aim is to understand the experiences of child-adolescent psychotherapists from the psychodynamic play therapy modality. More specifically, their experiences of conducting online therapy sessions during the Covid-19 outbreak and the effect of the transition to online therapy on therapeutic alliance are explored. Eight child-adolescent therapists working with psychodynamic play therapy were recruited for the present study. The mean age of participants was 31 (from the age of 28 to 49) and the mean duration of experiences as a therapist was 5 (from 2.5 to 15 years). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant through online channels, and they took approximately one hour to complete. Based on the thematic analysis of the interviews, main themes were identified, namely a) an outlook on online therapy with children and adolescents before Covid-19, b) difficulties of online therapy with children and adolescents, c) facilities of online therapy with children and adolescents, d) contributions of online therapy with children and adolescents and e) suggestions for child and adolescent therapists. The findings demonstrated that child-adolescent therapists who work with the psychodynamic approach experienced online therapy with children and adolescents both positively (e.g. keeping the relationship with clients) and negatively (difficulty in keeping therapeutic framework). These experiences were influential in their preferences for online therapy following the transition to the “new normal”. Even though they experienced difficulties with online therapy during tough times of the pandemic, online therapy contributed to their professional development as well (e.g. increase in professional assurance). Online therapy affected therapists’ professional satisfaction due to their doubts about its effectiveness. However, they all agreed that being a constant object and not disappearing with the emergence of the pandemic was good for their clients. They made suggestions about online therapy with children and adolescents for their colleagues depending on their own experiences (e.g. creating a separate space for therapy, and being flexible). The results of the study are expected to inform the perspectives and practices of therapists who work with children and adolescents through online therapy. Discussions of the findings in relation to the existing literature, limitations, and suggestions for further studies are presented.Öğe Exploring eco-anxiety and coping in young adults: a qualitative study on the mental health effects of environmental crisis(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Elitok, Melissa; Balcı, Anıl Özge ÜstünelABSTRACT: The impacts of environmental-climate crisis on mental health have been investigated in the literature, and eco-anxiety is defined as a response to environmental-climate crisis involving negative feelings. Researchers identified disadvantaged groups in terms of experiencing negative effects of the crisis. Younger age groups and women are stated to be more vulnerable to experiencing eco-anxiety. Eco-anxiety and psychological effects of the crisis have been studied mostly with quantitave methods or with certain populations such as Western, Inuit or Sami communities. The present study aimed to explore young adults’ experiences of eco-anxiety in the context of Turkey while adopting a gendered perspective. This study aimed to analyze how eco-anxiety develops and how participants cope with it. Eleven participants aged between 21-30 were interviewed. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. The main themes were a) meanings of nature, b) becoming aware of environmental issues, c) experiencing negative outcomes, and d) attempts to cope with negative outcomes. The results showed that participants who had a close relationship with nature develop ecoanxiety through witnessing environmental degradation and getting informed about environmental-climate crisis. This process of becoming aware led the young adults to develop critical lens over the crisis and to experience negative feelings. Participants indicated attempts to cope with eco-anxiety, as well. The results showed differences in the attitudes of young women and men. The findings are discussed in the light of the literature. Clinical implications, strengths and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are presented.Öğe A qualitative analysis of immigrant fathers" experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Çelik, Hazal; Bolak, HaleABSTRACT: The present study aimed to explore migrant father’s pandemic related experiences. Eight Turkish migrant fathers whose ages were between 31 to 37 and had a baby during pandemic participated. Thematic analysis from semi-structured online interviews revealed three main themes; fatherhood is a developmental transition, silver lining in pandemic and the hard journey toward hope. Fatherhood is a developmental transition consisted of three sub-themes; anticipating fatherhood: mixed feelings, learning fatherhood and relating to the parent role. Silver lining in pandemic involved negative and positive aspects of pandemic. The hard journey toward hope consisted of four sub-themes; the process of migrating, downgrading at work, fathering as a grounding experience as a new migrant and adjustment and future. The process of migrating theme also included three sub-themes; making plans to migrate, economic and political reasons for migrating, challenges involved in the process of migrating and settling. Results portrayed that migrant fathers had difficult experiences in pandemic and transitioning to fatherhood, but they were found to be involved in their children’s lives. Migration was also discussed in terms of reasons to migrate and forming their identities in relation to fatherhood. Considering the literature, the significance of the findings, limitations, and ideas for further research are reviewed.Öğe Becoming a father during the Covid-19 pandemic: a qualitative investigation(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Duraner, Sumru; Maçkalı, ZeynepABSTRACT: Transition to fatherhood for men is a major life event and has been demonstrated as a period of vulnerability for new parents. Challenges such as financial concerns, low self-efficacy in childcare, and drastic changes in lifestyle and relationships are experienced during this time. Mental health difficulties such as depression and anxiety are also common among expectant and new fathers. These struggles are aggravated with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. New parents are susceptible to psychological distress during the period of adaptation to parenthood, which is an already challenging task. The pandemic resulted in a major change in life of fathers. Traditionally working outside the home and having limited opportunity to be involved in their offspring’s lives, many fathers now started working from home due to the pandemic restrictions. This resulted in increased time spent with family. Previous research demonstrated that fathers during the pandemic felt closer to their children. Yet, disadvantages such as increased financial worry, fear of infection, and disrupted work-life balance were also documented. The present study aims to understand Turkish first-time fathers’ experiences during the pandemic and how they interpreted the effects of the pandemic restrictions on their fatherhood journeys. In-depth interviews with eight participants, who welcomed their first children during the pandemic and concurrently switched to remote working were conducted. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of the interviews revealed four themes: Emerging Self as a Father, Finding Your Place as a Father, Challenging Yet Rewarding, and The Unexpected Part of Fatherhood: The COVID-19 Pandemic. Results of the study contribute to the gap in literature on remote working fathers of infants during the pandemic, as well as making a contribution to the literature on fatherhood during infancy.Öğe The phenomenology of intergenerational transmission of fatherhood in two generations of migrated Alevi fathers in Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Çetin, Utku; Söylemez, YudumABSTRACT: This study includes two articles. The beginning article introduces is a literature review written to explain of Alevism culture, the phenomenon of fatherhood and migration. For this objective, the article includes (a) the definition of Alevism and Alevism culture, (b) fatherhood and gender roles, (c) fatherhood in minorities, (d) being a father in Turkey, (e) migration and mental health, (f) migration and acculturation process, and (g) migration and family dynamics. The second part was named research article which is the literature conducting qualitative study aim to understand the intergenerational transmission of fatherhood via essential viewpoint of Bowen’s Family Systems Theory and participants’ experiences via literature review article. As a result of the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis conducted after the semi structured interviews with five first-generation and five second-generation Alevi fathers, 4 main themes were emerged: (a) difficulties of being an Alevi man, (b) being Alevi father in Turkey, (c) walking through new fatherhood and (d) fatherhood transitions from 1st to 2nd generations in the passing times. The results obtained were discussed in the presented literature, recommendations were made not only for clinicians, but also for researchers who are working in the field.Öğe Exploring the development of half-sibling relationships in Turkey: a qualitative study(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Kırhan, Hande; Üstünel Balcı, Anıl ÖzgeABSTRACT: Half-siblingship is defined as a type of sibling constellation where sibling pairs have only one biological parent in common. While recent studies showed that family structures have been noteworthily transforming world widely, the subject of half-siblings is understudied, particularly within the context of Turkey. A majority of the previous work in this area focused on the influence of halfsiblings’ presence on familial dynamics and individual outcomes. Remaining work made an effort to acknowledge half-sibling relations and indicated the need for further understanding. With consideration of these points, the present study aimed to deeply explore the development of half-sibling relations in Turkey. Main research questions of this study were a) how do adult half-siblings establish a sibling relationship and how do they experience this process?, b) how do they describe their relationship quality and what role does their relationship play in their lives?, and c) what are the experiences that contribute to and diminish their perceived quality of the relationship. Ten participants aged between 19-37 (M = 28,5) were recruited for the current study, and semi-structured interviews were conducted via Zoom. The durations of the interviews were between 85-120 minutes. For the analysis of the data, thematic analysis method was utilized. On the basis of the participants’ accounts, four main themes were generated which are a) building a sibling relationship, b) increasing belongingness, c) experiencing ruptures and d) maintaining the sibling relationship. Clinical implications of these results, limitations and suggestions for future studies are discussed.Öğe Association of tattooing with personality development and organization from a psychodynamic perspective(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Nazlı, Muhammed Yasir; Sideris, Alev ÇavdarABSTRACT: In the psychoanalytic literature, tattoos are theorized to be a way of acting out, a defense mechanism, in order to cope with difficult experiences, emotions, unconscious conflicts, and anxieties that are impossible to contain or express otherwise. It is claimed to be stemming from fears of fusion and helps the person in separating and distancing from the object. It might also stem from fears of abandonment and a desire to merge with an idealized object. In light of the existing literature, aim of this study was to explore the associations of tattooing with level of personality organization and separation-individuation. Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) and Separation Individuation Inventory (SII) were used to measure the aforementioned constructs. 394 participants took part in the online survey that was conducted to collect the data. Results indicated that higher tattoo coverage was associated with higher identity diffusion, higher impairment in reality testing and lower level of personality organization. Presence of tattoos was associated with higher reliance on primitive defenses, higher identity diffusion and lower level of personality organization. Logistic regression analysis showed that tattoo presence was predicted by use of primitive defenses. Additionally, a data-based model was generated using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), whose results indicated that tattoo coverage, along with substance and alcohol use, intentional self-harm and accidental self-harm was indicative of a common latent factor, which we conceptualized as embodied acting-out, that was found to be associated with impeded development. These findings are discussed in reference to the existing literature on the psychodynamic significance of tattooing. Lastly, clinical implications and limitations of the present study along with recommendations for future research are presented.Öğe First time mothers’ experiences during Covid-19: a qualitative analysis(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Gülcü, Ecem Merve Altan; Halfon, SibelABSTRACT: Transition to motherhood is difficult for most women, in addition to significant physical and psychological changes, they also need to learn a variety of parenting behaviors and adapt to new family bonds. Significant social, biological, and psychological changes occur throughout pregnancy and postpartum period. Even while most women anticipate pregnancy and motherhood with enthusiasm, doing so during a pandemic may be challenging and stressful (Draganovic et al., 2021). The effect of COVID-19 on psychological outcomes is anticipated to be significant when prenatal and postnatal changes are combined with the impact of the pandemic (Matvienko-Sikar et al., 2020). Factors such as the mother or newborn's fear of exposure to the virus, social isolation, reduced social support, inconsistency between birth and childcare expectations and actual experiences may all have contributed to a stressful postpartum period (Diamond et al., 2020). Moreover, postnatal women are at a higher risk of having depression, anxiety, and stress (Caparros-Gonzalez, 2020). The present study aims to understand Turkish first-time mothers’ experiences during the pandemic and how they interpreted the effects of the pandemic restrictions on their motherhood journeys. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven participants who had given birth to their first child at least 36 weeks into their pregnancy during the pandemic. Not having any significant newborn disease in the babies of the participants and normal development of the babies are among the participant criteria. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) of the interviews revealed four themes: getting ready for motherhood during the pandemic, need for connection, motherhood: a challenging journey and coping with the pandemic. The findings were discussed in the light of the existing literature, suggestions for future research were presented and the contribution of the subject to clinical applications was discussed.Öğe The association of cyberbullying tendency with parenting styles, disordered eating attitude and body image dissatisfaction(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Kul, Pınar; Maçkalı, ZeynepABSTRACT: With the widespread use of the Internet and the increase in communication via the Internet, cyberbullying has emerged similar to the problem of face-to-face interaction in daily life. The increase in use and interaction has increased the rate of cyberbullying and the diversity in use has brought about the diversity in cyberbullying. Cyberbullying, like bullying, has recently become a subject of importance and priority in the field of research, as it has negative effects on the mental health of individuals. The definition and measurement of cyberbullying is still a matter of research and debate, but cyberbullying is generally defined as an offensive and harmful action carried out in electronic and digital environments with the aim of causing discomfort and harm to individuals. Research has mostly focused on the effects of cyberbullying on people. Recently, research has begun to be conducted on understanding the characteristics of cyberbullies in order to understand cyberbullying. Studies have found that exposure to cyberbullying is effective in disordered eating attitude and body dissatisfaction in individuals. It has been found that parenting styles are a factor that affects the cyberbullying experience, body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes separately. The aim of this study is to observe how parenting styles, body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating attitudes affect the tendency of cyberbullying. In order to measure this relationship, an online survey was conducted with individuals using social media and the results of 200 participants were analyzed. The results found that maternal and paternal responsiveness were indicators of cyberbullying, and the mother's authoritative parenting style was effective in cyberbullying. These results provide preliminary findings about the effect of parenting styles and cybervictimization on cyberbullying.Öğe A qualitative investigation into subjective experiences of political detainees who were sentenced to home confinement with electronic monitoring in Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Gayretli, Eda; Bolak, HaleABSTRACT: Throughout the world, since 1980s, home detention with electronic monitoring has been implemented as an alternative form of sentencing in both pretrial and post imprisonment stages of judicial process in the case of diverse groups of detainees such as juveniles, drugs offenders, traffic offenders, property offenders, political detainees, etc. In the literature, although there exist studies on the other cases, there is not any study focuses on the case of political detainees in home confinement with electronic monitoring. Hence, the current study aims to inquire into the subjective experiences of political detainees who were sentenced to home confinement with electronic monitoring in Turkey. The main research questions of the current study are how tagged electronic clamp affect both body image and bodily integrity of detainees and how the representation of the home in the mind of political detainees transform during the home confinement. To qualitatively explore these questions, eight students as political detainees in Turkey, aged between 20-27, experiencing total duration of home confinement between 33 and 75 days, were interviewed. Thematic analysis was applied in data analysis. Five main themes were revealed. Themes were identified as a) home confinement as a trying experience, b) loss of safe and private space, c) transformation in the representation of home, d) bodily experiences, e) agency becoming an issue. The findings illustrated that, in home incarceration with electronic monitoring, as a peculiar kind of captivity, political detainees encountered several troubles, experienced distinct kinds of deprivations, and were exposed to a number of violations of human rights through intrusive practices under constant control and surveillance, which focused on detainees’ body and home. Moreover, transformations in both body image and the representation of home were experienced. Aforementioned findings were discussed in the light of the psychoanalytic theory. Strengths, limitations, and clinical implications of the study were discussed with making some suggestions for future studies.Öğe Process and change in psychotherapy sessions with a grieving ındividual: a thematic analysis of systemic therapy(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Algan, Nilhan; Söylemez, YudumABSTRACT: This is a qualitative single case study of individual therapy process conducted with a grieving woman. The aim of the study was to investigate the process and change in psychotherapy sessions with a grieving individual. A total of 7 sessions were selected and examined in detail the attain the aims of the study. Thematic analysis was used for coding. The analysis revealed four main themes, namely 1) feeling the loss of the husband, 2) emotional responses to the husband’s death, 3) increased self-awareness, 4) showing agency. The first theme includes four sub-themes of remembering hospital stay and feeling desperate, nightmares about husband’s death, being a single mother and good memories in the past. The second theme consisted of anger, guilt, feeling overwhelmed and fear of loss. Childhood experience and seeking for change, new perspectives and understanding, positive thinking were the sub-themes of third theme. Finally, emotional resilience, thinking about re-establishing relational boundaries and mandatory vs. free choice were explained under the fourth theme. Results were discussed with the current literature, along with their therapeutic implications and limitations of the study and suggestions for future research.Öğe The relationship between transference interventions and therapeutic alliance in a single case study of a 16-year-old adolescent(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Sayım, Ahmet Serhan; İlkmen, Yasemin SohtorikABSTRACT: Therapeutic alliance refers to the affective and collaborative aspects of a therapeutic relationship. There is abundance of research findings that indicate that positive therapeutic alliance is associated with positive treatment outcome. Another factor related with treatment effectiveness is the amount of transference interpretations utilized in treatment. Transference interpretations refers to any therapist intervention that points out transferential transactions that takes place in treatment. This study aims to explore the relationship between therapeutic alliance and transference interpretations. The data of this study is comprised 57 fully transcribed sessions of a 16-year-old adolescent patient from Turkey. Fifty-seven sessions were transcribed and coded separately. Therapeutic alliance was measured with the Therapy Process Observational Coding System - Alliance Scale (TPOCS-A). Transference interpretations were assessed and categorized based on Transference Work Scale (TWS). Furthermore, the relationship between therapeutic alliance and patient’s active cooperative engagement was explored. Time-series analysis with Granger Causality test was utilized in order to see temporal relations between variables. Results of the study indicated that the therapist made category 2 and 3 transference interventions (e.g., the therapist’s encouragement of the patient to discuss feelings and thoughts about the therapy and/or the therapist) only if the therapeutic alliance was strong enough. Moreover, strong therapeutic alliance predicted patient’s active cooperative engagement. Findings and the clinical implications of the study were examined in detail.Öğe Therapeutic alliance development and strains in psychotherapeutic alliance development and strains in psychodynamic psychotherapy with youth: comparing face-to-face and online processes(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Açıkgözler, Ebru; Halfon, SibelABSTRACT: The therapeutic alliance is the relationship between therapist and patient consisting of an emotional bond and collaboration on therapy work. It has been found highly related to the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Nevertheless, there is still limited knowledge about the therapeutic alliance in youth psychotherapy, especially in the online therapy setting during the pandemic. The necessity of research investigatingonline therapies has increased because of the high demand for them during the pandemic. This study aims to investigate therapeutic alliance strength and processes of online youth psychotherapies conducted during the pandemic and compares thestrength and growth of therapeutic alliance with faceto-face sessions conducted before the pandemic. It was hypothesized that there was no significant difference between therapeutic alliance strength between therapy types. In the study, the psychotherapy processes of 57 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14 were examined. Online and face-to-face sessions were coded via the Therapy Process Observational Coding System- Alliance scale (TPOCS-A) once in every ten sessions. The Multilevel Modeling approach was applied to analyze the data. Results showed that there was no significant difference in mean alliance strength between online and face-to-face therapies; however, therapeutic alliance decreasedin online therapy while it increased in the sessions that were conducted face-to-faceover the course of treatment. Descriptive analyses showed that ruptures in youth therapies occurred more frequently in faceto-face therapy group. Moreover, confrontational ruptures and therapists’ contributions to ruptures were more impactful in the face-to-face group. Results indicate that therapeutic alliancecan be formed at the beginning of both treatment types; however, the face-to-face group seems advantageous in terms of identifying and repairing alliance ruptures. Therefore, the therapeutic alliance may have increased over time in the face-to-face group. This study provides preliminary results on therapeutic alliance in both online and face-to-face psychodynamic youth therapies
