Atıl yarı özel alanları sahiplenmek: Yeldeğirmeni Mahallesi'nde arka bahçeler
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Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
İstanbul’un kentsel morfolojik karakterinde yaygın olarak görülen bitişik nizamlı yapı adalarında, apartmanların arka bahçeleri, çeşitli nedenlerle konut sakinleri tarafından ya kullanılmamakta ya da kısıtlı kullanılmaktadır. Arka bahçeler, farklı bölgelerde değişik fizik mekansal karaktere sahip olmalarına rağmen genellikle kullanımın tercih edilmemesi ya da mümkün olmaması nedeniyle ‘atıl alan’lar haline gelmişlerdir. Tez, bahçeleri ortak alan karakteriyle, kentli arasındaki sosyal etkileşimi geliştirecek özellikleriyle ve ekolojik zenginlikleriyle, kentte ihtiyaç duyulan açık yeşil alanlara alternatif mekanlar olarak görmektedir. Bahçelerin kısmen atıl olması bu potansiyelin araştırılmasına olanak vermektedir. Bu nedenle tezin öncelikli amacı, bahçelerde bugünkü yaşam kültürünü anlamak ve bu yaşamı doğuran faktörlerin birbirleriyle etkileşimli ve bütüncül bir portresini ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, kullanılan ve kullanılmayan bahçelerin bir arada bulunduğu Yeldeğirmeni Mahallesi çalışma alanı olarak seçilmiştir. Bir mekânda kullanım, mekanı sahiplenme duygusuyla doğmakta, orada pratikler üretmeyi, mekanı geliştirmeyi ve dönüştürmeyi kapsamaktadır. Bu nedenle, tez, psikolojinin mekan ve insan ilişkilerine odaklanan ‘çevresel psikoloji’ alt dalının kavramsallaştırdığı ‘mekansal sahiplenme’ kavramının çerçevesinde bahçelerdeki yaşamı irdelemektedir. Çevresel psikoloji alanındaki çalışmalar ‘mekânsal sahiplenme’nin doğabilmesi için gerekli üç değişkeni şu şekilde sıralar; mekanın fiziksel nitelikleri, mekandaki sosyal etkileşim ve kişinin bireysel yetileri. Bireysel yetiler değişkeni daha geniş bir perspektifte “gündelik hayat pratikleri ve alışkanlıklar olarak ele alınabilmektedir. Bu üç değişkenin yanı sıra, araştırma alanının kendine özgü ortak mülkiyet karakteri doğrultusunda, ‘kişiler arası mülkiyet ilişkileri’ ve ‘kişi ile mülkiyetinde olan yer’ arasındaki ilişkilerin neden olduğu ekonomik nitelikler de değişkenler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tezin kinci amacı ise bahçelerdeki yaşama etki eden fizik mekânsal değişkenleri, belgelemek ve Türkiye’nin kentleşme ve mimarlık tarihi içinde konumlandırmaktır. Yeldeğirmeni Mahallesi’nin son 150 yıl içinde üretilen tüm yapı tipolojilerini barındıran bir bölge olarak fizik mekansal değişkenlerin tarihsel dönüşümünü araştırmak için uygun bir çeşitlilik sunmaktadır. Bahçesi kullanılabilir durumda olan apartmanlar arasından %30 örneklem düzeyiyle seçilen 70 ayrı yapının her birinden sadece bir haneyle, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yöntemiyle görüşülerek, saha araştırması yapılmış; böylece apartmanın ve hanenin bahçe kullanımına dair bilgiler edinilmiştir. Aynı zamanda, görüşme yapılan apartmanlarda, ‘mekansal sahiplenmenin’ fizik mekansal değişkenlerini tespit etmek için, mekansal haritalama ve sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın başında, tek aile konutu olan sıra evler ve apartmanlar arasındaki kullanım farkı gözlemlenmiştir. Sıra evlerde geçmişte ve günümüzde bahçeler kullanılırken, apartmanlaşmadan sonra bu durum değişmiştir. Bölgedeki yapı tipolojilerinin çeşitlenmesiyle ortaya çıkan en önemli değişim, bahçenin ortak mekan haline gelmesidir. İkinci en önemli değişim bahçeye erişim şeklinin zorlaşması ya da erişimin ortadan kalkmasıdır. Fakat erişim şeklinin sadece iki tipoloji arasındaki farktan kaynaklanmadığı, apartman tipolojisinin bölgede üretildiği ilk tarih olan 19. yüzyıl sonlarından günümüze kadar dönemin koşullarıyla dönüştüğü ve bunun da konut-bahçe ilişkisini dönüştürdüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bu nedenle, araştırmada başta öngörülen tipolojik sınıflandırma genişletilmiş; ilk apartmanlar, 1930, 1950 ve 2010 sonrası üretilen apartmanlar olarak belgeleme yapılmıştır. Sınıflandırmanın sonucunda, erişim probleminin çoğunlukla 1950’lerden 2010’lara kadar üretilen apartman tiplerinde yaşandığı ve dolayısıyla dönemin konut üretiminin başlıca nedeni olan hızlı kentleşmenin altında yatan ekonomik, sosyal ve siyasal nedenlerin etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Saha araştırmasının derinlemesine görüşmelerden ve fizik mekansal belgelemeden elde edilen verilerinin bir araya getirilmesiyle ‘mekansal sahiplenme’nin değişkenlerinin karmaşık ilişkilerini içeren bütüncül bir portre ortaya çıkmıştır. Parsel ölçeğindeki bahçe kullanımından, mahalle ölçeğindeki komşuluğa kadar, yaşama dair pek çok veri, İstanbul’un içinde bulunduğu kentsel olgularla ilişkilenerek gün yüzüne çıkmıştır. Bahçelerdeki yaşama dair yapılan çıkarımlar derlendiğinde, tez problemi kısaca; fiziksel açıdan erişim zorlukları; sosyal açıdan ortak alan olmasının kullanımda doğurduğu zorluklar ve kentteki gündelik hayat alışkanlıkları; ekonomik açıdan ortak mülkiyet olmasının getirdiği çoklu karar mercii ve kiracı-ev sahibi dengesizliği gibi çok farklı değişkenleri kapsamaktadır.
In the perimeter blocks, that are commonly observed in the urban morphological character of Istanbul, the backyards of the apartment buildings are either not used or used with restrictions by the homeowners due to various reasons. Although the backyards have variant physical spatial characteristics in different locations, they become idle spaces, as the use of the backyards is not preferred or not possible. The thesis considers backyards as an alternative to open green spaces needed in the city with their common space characteristics, ecological diversity and features that will improve the social interaction between the people living in the city. The backyards being partially idle allows this potential to be further explored. Therefore, the primary purpose of this thesis is to understand the current lifestyle in the backyards and to present the transactional and holistic portrait of the factors that form this life. For this purpose Yeldeğirmeni Neighborhood, which contains both used and unused backyards is selected as the study area. Usage in a space starts with the sense of appropriation and includes generating practices there, improving and transforming the space. Therefore, the thesis examines the lifestyle in the backyards within the framework of ‘appropriation of space’ concept. Studies in the environmental psychology field list the three factors that are required for the emergence of the ‘appropriation of space’ as follows: Physical characteristics of space, social interaction in the space and individual capacities of users. Individual capacities can be considered “everyday life practices and habits” in a broader perspective. Along with these three factors, economic qualities arising from the two factors, ‘interpersonal property relationships’ and ‘affection between person and his property’ are also considered as variables in accordance with the joint property characteristics of the research area. The secondary purpose of the thesis is to document the ‘physical spatial factors’ affecting the use of the backyards and to position them within the urbanization and architectural history of Turkey. Yeldeğirmeni Neighborhood provides suitable diversity to investigate the historical transformation of the physical spatial factors, as an area that contains all the building typologies generated in the last 150 years. A field research is conducted with a semi-structured interview method with 70 householders, each being in different apartments that are selected among the buildings with available backyard use with a sample level of 30% and insights on the backyard usage of the householder and all residents are gathered. At the same time, spatial mapping and classification are conducted to determine the physical spatial variables of the ‘appropriation of space’ in the interviewed apartments. At the beginning of the research, the usage difference between the single-family row houses and apartment buildings is observed. While the backyards are used in the row houses in the past and present, this situation changed after the arise of apartment block. The most important change that emerges with the diversification of the building typologies in the area is that the backyard becomes a common place and the second most important change is the difficulty in accessing the backyards or the elimination of access. However, it is observed that the form of access is not only caused by the difference between two typologies but also changed by the conditions of the period, from the middle of the 19th century – that the apartment typology is first generated in the area-, to the present day, transforming the house-backyard relationship. Therefore, the typological classification anticipated at the beginning of the research is expanded and documented as initial apartments and apartments built after 1930, 1950 and 2010. As a result of the classification, it is identified that the access problems are mostly experienced in the apartment types built between1950s and 2010s and the economic, social and political reasons underlying the rapid urbanization, which was the main cause of the housing production of the period, also led to access problems. Through combining the part of the field research, that consists of the physical spatial documentation and the in-depth interviews, a holistic picture of the complex relations of the variables of ‘appropriation of space’ have emerged. From the parcel-scale use of the backyards to the neighborhood-scale relationships, many data about the lifestyle have come to light by being associated with the urban phenomena that are related to Istanbul. Upon the compilation of the insights on the lifestyle in the backyards, the thesis problem covers multiple different factors such as physical factors as access difficulties; social factors as usage difficulties arising from backyards being common spaces and daily habits in urban life; economic factors as multiple decision-making authority due to joint property and tenant-landlord imbalance.
In the perimeter blocks, that are commonly observed in the urban morphological character of Istanbul, the backyards of the apartment buildings are either not used or used with restrictions by the homeowners due to various reasons. Although the backyards have variant physical spatial characteristics in different locations, they become idle spaces, as the use of the backyards is not preferred or not possible. The thesis considers backyards as an alternative to open green spaces needed in the city with their common space characteristics, ecological diversity and features that will improve the social interaction between the people living in the city. The backyards being partially idle allows this potential to be further explored. Therefore, the primary purpose of this thesis is to understand the current lifestyle in the backyards and to present the transactional and holistic portrait of the factors that form this life. For this purpose Yeldeğirmeni Neighborhood, which contains both used and unused backyards is selected as the study area. Usage in a space starts with the sense of appropriation and includes generating practices there, improving and transforming the space. Therefore, the thesis examines the lifestyle in the backyards within the framework of ‘appropriation of space’ concept. Studies in the environmental psychology field list the three factors that are required for the emergence of the ‘appropriation of space’ as follows: Physical characteristics of space, social interaction in the space and individual capacities of users. Individual capacities can be considered “everyday life practices and habits” in a broader perspective. Along with these three factors, economic qualities arising from the two factors, ‘interpersonal property relationships’ and ‘affection between person and his property’ are also considered as variables in accordance with the joint property characteristics of the research area. The secondary purpose of the thesis is to document the ‘physical spatial factors’ affecting the use of the backyards and to position them within the urbanization and architectural history of Turkey. Yeldeğirmeni Neighborhood provides suitable diversity to investigate the historical transformation of the physical spatial factors, as an area that contains all the building typologies generated in the last 150 years. A field research is conducted with a semi-structured interview method with 70 householders, each being in different apartments that are selected among the buildings with available backyard use with a sample level of 30% and insights on the backyard usage of the householder and all residents are gathered. At the same time, spatial mapping and classification are conducted to determine the physical spatial variables of the ‘appropriation of space’ in the interviewed apartments. At the beginning of the research, the usage difference between the single-family row houses and apartment buildings is observed. While the backyards are used in the row houses in the past and present, this situation changed after the arise of apartment block. The most important change that emerges with the diversification of the building typologies in the area is that the backyard becomes a common place and the second most important change is the difficulty in accessing the backyards or the elimination of access. However, it is observed that the form of access is not only caused by the difference between two typologies but also changed by the conditions of the period, from the middle of the 19th century – that the apartment typology is first generated in the area-, to the present day, transforming the house-backyard relationship. Therefore, the typological classification anticipated at the beginning of the research is expanded and documented as initial apartments and apartments built after 1930, 1950 and 2010. As a result of the classification, it is identified that the access problems are mostly experienced in the apartment types built between1950s and 2010s and the economic, social and political reasons underlying the rapid urbanization, which was the main cause of the housing production of the period, also led to access problems. Through combining the part of the field research, that consists of the physical spatial documentation and the in-depth interviews, a holistic picture of the complex relations of the variables of ‘appropriation of space’ have emerged. From the parcel-scale use of the backyards to the neighborhood-scale relationships, many data about the lifestyle have come to light by being associated with the urban phenomena that are related to Istanbul. Upon the compilation of the insights on the lifestyle in the backyards, the thesis problem covers multiple different factors such as physical factors as access difficulties; social factors as usage difficulties arising from backyards being common spaces and daily habits in urban life; economic factors as multiple decision-making authority due to joint property and tenant-landlord imbalance.
