Fikir ve sanat eserleri hukuku kapsamında dijital tükenme
Yükleniyor...
Tarih
2021
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
ÖZET: Eser sahibinin mali hakları arasında yer alan yayma ve umuma iletim haklarının birbirinden farkı ve sınırları uzun zamandır – hatta WCT kabul edilmeden önceki süreçte dahi – tartışma konusu olmuştur. Söz konusu tartışmalar sonucunda, hakların dijital ortamda korunmasına ilişkin WCT’de çeşitli düzenlemeler yapılırken, umuma iletim hakkı 8. maddede oldukça kapsayıcı bir biçimde kaleme alınmıştır. Yayma hakkı ise 6. maddede düzenlenmiş; WCT’nin kabulü sürecinde yapılan diplomatik konferansta, 6. maddenin yalnızca maddi bir varlık olarak dolaşıma sokulabilen fiziki kopyalara işaret ettiği hususunda mutabık kalınmış ve buna ilişkin açıklama ayrıca yayımlanmıştır. Bu düzenlemelerin sonucunda, hem WCT’ye taraf olan ülkemiz hukukunda hem de AB çevrelerinde, yayma hakkının fiziki nüshalar bakımından söz konusu olabileceği, internet üzerinden yapılan iletimlerin umuma iletim hakkının konusunu oluşturacağı yaygın biçimde kabul edilmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, yayma hakkının tükenmesi ilkesinin de ancak fiziki nüshalar bakımından gündeme gelebileceği belirtilmiştir. ABAD, 2012 yılında, bilgisayar programlarının internet ortamında ikinci el satışına ilişkin bir uyuşmazlıkta, bilgisayar programının kopyasını hukuka uygun yollarla edinen bir kişinin elinde bulundurduğu kopyayı internet üzerinden üçüncü bir kişiye satması ve elindeki kopyayı kullanılamaz hale getirmesi halinde, söz konusu satışın tükenme ilkesi kapsamında değerlendirileceği ve yayma hakkı sahibinin bu satışa engel olamayacağı yönünde bir karar vermiştir. Söz konusu karar, tükenme ilkesinin internet ortamında ikinci el olarak satılan diğer eser türleri bakımından da uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı yönünde tartışmalara yol açmış ve yayma hakkı ile umuma iletim hakkı arasındaki sınır tekrar tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. ABAD’ın 2019 yılında e-kitapların internet ortamında ikinci el satışına ilişkin olarak verdiği bir kararla bu husus büyük ölçüde netlik kazanmıştır. ABD’de ise ikinci el müzik dosyalarının dijital ortamda satışını ilgilendiren bir uyuşmazlıkta mahkeme, söz konusu satış işleminin tükenme ilkesinden yararlanamayacağına hükmetmiştir. Bu çalışmanın birinci bölümünde yayma hakkı, ikinci bölümünde tükenme ilkesi incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde ise tükenme ilkesinin dijital ortamda yapılan satışlar bakımından uygulanabilirliği içtihatlar ve doktrindeki görüşler çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır.
ABSTRACT: Scope of and differences between the rights of distribution and communication to the public, as authors’ economic rights, have been a subject of debate for a very long period and even before the acceptance of WCT. In light of these debates, during the drafting period of WCT for the protection of rights in the digital environment, the right of communication to the public has been regulated under Article 8 of WCT in a very broad sense. The right of distribution has been regulated under Article 6; and, at the diplomatic conferences leading to the acceptance of WCT, it was agreed that said provision refers exclusively to the fixed copies that can be put into circulation as tangible objects and such agreed statement had been separately published. As a result of these provisions, it has been generally accepted both under the Turkish law, as Turkey is a contracting party to WCT, and in EU, that the right of distribution exclusively concerns physical copies and uses performed through the internet would be subject to the right of communication. Accordingly, it is accepted that the exhaustion of the right of distribution should only be possible with regard to physical copies of works. In a dispute concerning second-hand sale of computer programs over the internet, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has ruled in 2012 that sale of a copy of a computer program by a lawful acquirer to a third party over the internet, by making his/her copy unusable, triggers exhaustion of the right of distribution and the rightholder cannot object to such sale. The decision has led to many arguments regarding the applicability of the exhaustion principle to the second-hand sale of other types of works and the distinction between the rights of distribution and communication to the public had once again, become a subject of debate. These arguments were substantially settled after a decision of CJEU dated 2019 with regard to second-hand sale of e-books over the internet. In the USA, the court, in a lawsuit concerning second-hand sale of music files through a digital environment, has decided that such sales cannot benefit from the principle of exhaustion. At the first chapter of this study, the right of distribution has been analyzed and at the second chapter, the principle of exhaustion has been reviewed. At the third chapter, applicability of the principle of exhaustion on the sales made through the digital environment has been assessed, in light of the precedents and scholars’ opinions.
ABSTRACT: Scope of and differences between the rights of distribution and communication to the public, as authors’ economic rights, have been a subject of debate for a very long period and even before the acceptance of WCT. In light of these debates, during the drafting period of WCT for the protection of rights in the digital environment, the right of communication to the public has been regulated under Article 8 of WCT in a very broad sense. The right of distribution has been regulated under Article 6; and, at the diplomatic conferences leading to the acceptance of WCT, it was agreed that said provision refers exclusively to the fixed copies that can be put into circulation as tangible objects and such agreed statement had been separately published. As a result of these provisions, it has been generally accepted both under the Turkish law, as Turkey is a contracting party to WCT, and in EU, that the right of distribution exclusively concerns physical copies and uses performed through the internet would be subject to the right of communication. Accordingly, it is accepted that the exhaustion of the right of distribution should only be possible with regard to physical copies of works. In a dispute concerning second-hand sale of computer programs over the internet, Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has ruled in 2012 that sale of a copy of a computer program by a lawful acquirer to a third party over the internet, by making his/her copy unusable, triggers exhaustion of the right of distribution and the rightholder cannot object to such sale. The decision has led to many arguments regarding the applicability of the exhaustion principle to the second-hand sale of other types of works and the distinction between the rights of distribution and communication to the public had once again, become a subject of debate. These arguments were substantially settled after a decision of CJEU dated 2019 with regard to second-hand sale of e-books over the internet. In the USA, the court, in a lawsuit concerning second-hand sale of music files through a digital environment, has decided that such sales cannot benefit from the principle of exhaustion. At the first chapter of this study, the right of distribution has been analyzed and at the second chapter, the principle of exhaustion has been reviewed. At the third chapter, applicability of the principle of exhaustion on the sales made through the digital environment has been assessed, in light of the precedents and scholars’ opinions.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Dijital tükenme, Yayma hakkının tükenmesi ilkesi, Dijital eserlerin ikinci el satışı, Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu, Yayma hakkı, Digital exhaustion, Principle of exhaustion of right of distribution, Sale of second-hand digital works, Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works, Right of distribution
