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    A feminist approach to dating violence prevention: Creating change towards safety, equality and mutuality
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2020) Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    The effectiveness of dating violence prevention programs in changing behaviors, attitudes and knowledge related to perpetration and victimization has been well documented in the literature. However, little attention has been paid to the question of how such positive outcomes have been obtained, and the debate continues as to their underlying theoretical rationale. The present study aimed to fill this gap by designing a dating violence prevention program from a feminist approach and to investigate the processes of change with a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Towards this goal, 56 Turkish college students completed the program and later participated in semi-structured individual interviews. The analysis showed that the program initiated a gradual move towards safety, equality and mutuality in dating and intimate relations through four processes: changing perspectives and norms, learning from peers, reflecting on self, and acting differently. Some of the processes were experienced differently depending on the nature of prior or current dating experiences and the strength of sexist beliefs. The present study argues that a feminist approach proves to be a useful framework for dating violence prevention efforts and concludes with recommendations for future preventive work.
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    A Qualitative Study on the Marital Experiences of Childfree Couples in Turkey
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Erkaya, Merve; Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    Voluntary childlessness (VC), or being childfree, refers to intentionally choosing not to become a parent. VC is a growing trend that influences couple relations and individual life trajectories in many countries. However, very few studies have examined this emerging phenomenon in non-Western contexts. To contribute to a contextualized understanding of VC and increase the diversity of voices in the literature, the present qualitative study aimed to explore marital experiences of childfree couples in Turkey where strong pronatalist family-oriented norms and a conservative gender order coexist with increasing individualism and egalitarian practices. The sample was recruited through convenience strategies and consisted of 5 married childfree couples who were educated professionals with an age range of 25-47. The data was collected through separate semi-structured individual interviews with each partner. An inductive thematic analysis of the interviews revealed 4 main themes: 1) Having children is a challenging experience, 2) By being childfree, we can build our marriage on togetherness and equality, 3) For us, being childfree is a mutual, yet indefinite choice, 4) A childfree marriage comes with social pressure. The results showed that childfree couples seek to build a non-traditional marital relationship and live an autonomous life. The wives seemed to be pressured and questioned more than the husbands. The study indicates that being childfree involves unique socio-cultural, gender, and couple processes. Implications for clinicians working with childfree individuals and couples in strongly pronatalist and traditional contexts like Turkey are discussed.
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    Dating Violence in an Urban Turkish Context: Listening to Young People from an Intersectional Perspective
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2022) Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    Intersectional approaches have challenged the field of domestic violence to pay more attention to diversity in women's experiences and highlighted the significance of their social contexts and positions, such as class, race, religion, in shaping their understanding of and responses to violence. In the dating violence (DV) literature, a similar call has been made to develop contextualized accounts of DV and to address the heterogeneity of young people through DV prevention programs. Nevertheless, to date, intersectional thinking has not been fully utilized in DV research. The present study aims to address this gap in the literature and investigate how young people make sense of and experience DV from an intersectional perspective in an urban Turkish context. The data for the current study came from individual interviews conducted with 39 college students, aged 18-25. The interviews inquired into how young people understood, explained, and experienced DV. The interviews were analyzed thematically, culminating into four main themes: (a) DV as control, (b) DV as resulting from traditional gender norms, (c) DV as women's fault, and (d) DV-related socialization processes. Some of these main themes were interpreted and experienced differently by the participants depending on their gender and the impact of traditional, Islamic, and egalitarian discourses on their accounts. The result demonstrated nuanced differences in young people's meaning-making perspectives, needs, and vulnerabilities to DV. In the Turkish context, these results are intended to inform the burgeoning field of DV research and to guide the development of diversity-informed, culturally tailored, and context-sensitive prevention practices.
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    Emerging Technologies and Family: A Cross-National Study of Family Clinicians' Views
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Akyil, Yudum; Bacigalupe, Gonzalo; Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    Emerging technology adoption poses new challenges and opportunities to families and clinicians. Research that explores clinicians' understanding and use of information-communication technologies; however, is still scarce. Our study, a replication of a cross-national study in four countries (Canada, Mexico, Spain, and the United States), investigated the relationship among clinicians' use of and attitudes toward emerging technologies and their beliefs about technology's impact on families in Turkey. We further inquired the relationship of two factors: the impact of emerging technology on the clinicians' own families and the impact of cultural values on the attitudes toward technology use. The Turkish version of the modified Emerging Technologies and Families Survey was administered to family clinicians. The analytical strategy included a comparison of the data we collected in Turkey (n = 97) and the raw data from the original study (n = 258). We found significant cross-national differences in clinicians' use of and attitudes toward information-communication technologies, and their assessments of families' struggles with emerging technology. We analyzed the data vis-a-vis cultural differences and gave a special emphasis on implications for enhancing clinical practice. (1) Emerging technologies challenge families' and family therapists' assumptions about healthy family processes; attention to the self of the therapist at the intersection of cultural values is core in a sound assessment of families adopting emerging technologies. (2) Cultural humility and a curious stance may counteract the pervasive negative discourse about emerging technology adoption. (3) Empowering parents and couples to put technology in its place may ease the negative impact and enhance the positive influence of these technologies on families.
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    It's like a gamble, anything could happen: Women navigating safety and agency in online dating in urban Turkey
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Gurcan, Cansu; Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    Online dating platforms are increasingly used to explore dating and relationships by young adults. Although a growing body of evidence shows that they pose disproportionate and gendered risks to women's safety and health, the question of how young adult women respond to and resist these risks is not sufficiently understood. The present study aims to fill this gap by exploring how women navigate safety and exercise agency when dating men online in a non-Western traditional context in transition, that is, urban Turkey. Data were collected through qualitative interviews with 11 women users of dating apps, aged 24-33 years, and thematically analyzed from a feminist perspective. The analysis showed three themes that captured the women's extensive and individual safety-building labor when dating men via apps: (a) bearing the burden of risks, (b) exercising control in the midst of risks, and (c) planning for a safe exit. The conservative gender order that fails to effectively respond to gender-based violence and reinforces the stigmatization of women for dating online exacerbated their effort in contemporary Turkey. Our findings extend previous work by showing that women's safety work and agency in online dating are socioculturally, contextually, and continually mediated.
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    Negotiating power and relationship throughout marital life: narratives of middle-aged women from Turkey
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Ustunel, Anil Ozge; Boratav, Hale Bolak; Fisek, Guler Okman
    Intersectional approaches call for the study of gender-power relations as dynamic processes shaped in the context of social structures and locations, and invite the representation of diverse voices. However, these ideas are yet to be fully embraced in empirical family and marriage research. The present study addresses this gap and employs a qualitative design to investigate women's accounts of the spousal relationship and marital power over their marital life cycles in a non-Western context, Turkey. Data comes from individual interviews with 24 middle-aged women who come from different socio-economic levels and reside in different parts of the country. The analysis was conducted in two steps. In the first step, an inductive thematic analysis revealed 4 main themes: (1) transition to marriage, (2) relating to domesticity, (3) negotiating marital power, and (4) emotional tone of marriage. In the second step, a deductive rereading of the data demonstrated variations among women's experiences depending mostly on the intersection of patriarchal tradition with their socio-economic realities, and partly on their geographical locations. Women's accounts pointed to diverse ways of negotiating marital relationship and power over time, including traditional accommodation, resistance/opposition, and sharing/mutual love. The study argues that an intersectional lens can provide new insights into women's agency, empowerment and increasing autonomy in marital relations.
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    Professionals Who Work with Couples and Families in Turkey: Demographic Characteristics, Educational Background and Clinical Practices
    (Istanbul Univ, 2015) Akyil, Yudum; Ustunel, Anil Ozge; Alkan, Sadika; Aydin, Huner
    Marriage and family therapy is a rapidly developing profession in Turkey. Over the last couple of years the number of family therapy (or family counseling) trainings have been increasing, but the standardization is still missing. For the enhancement of this profession, it is important to first acquire knowledge regarding the current state of those who practice. This study is designed to better understand the characteristics and clinical practices of clinicians who work with couples and families using an online survey distributed to web-based psychology groups and to the graduates of family therapy training programs. The survey includes five categories: demographic characteristics, training, clinical practices, clientele characteristics, and professional development and competency. 204 clinicians participated in the study and the results are discussed comparatively with previous studies that were conducted in Turkey and the U.S. and in terms of its implications for training and policy development.
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    Violence is Just an Expression of Love and Spontaneity: Young Men's Processes of Resistance to Change After a Dating Violence Prevention Program in Turkey
    (Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2023) Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    PurposeResearch on gender-based violence prevention programs documents evidence of resistance to committing to non-violence and equality, particularly among some boys and young men. Although a deeper understanding of this resistance is essential to design effective programs, the nature of these reactions still remain largely unexplored in the field of dating violence (DV) prevention. The present study addresses this gap by investigating how a small group of college men manifest resistance to change after completing an eight-week long, feminist-informed DV prevention program in Turkey, and it explores the meaning-making perspectives and discourses that underlie and reinforce this resistance.MethodsData were collected through semi-structured individual interviews following the program and analyzed with constructivist grounded theory. Out of 56 college students who voluntarily attended the program, the accounts of ten young men demonstrated an overwhelming pattern of resistance and were selected for the present analysis.ResultsTheir accounts revealed three processes: reframing violence in a positive light, thinking in binaries, and minimizing personal engagement and reflection. These processes drew upon idealized notions of romantic love and spontaneous emotionality, and worked to sustain a sense of masculine entitlement and privilege in the relational domain.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that resistance is to be expected as young men become engaged with DV prevention efforts in Turkey and similar patriarchal contexts where tensions around traditional masculinities and egalitarian norms exist. Practice implications for averting and managing young men's resistance in these efforts are discussed.
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    Young People's Views on Dating Violence Prevention in an Urban Turkish Context: Developing Effective Practices
    (Springer/Plenum Publishers, 2021) Ustunel, Anil Ozge
    Dating violence (DV) among young people is increasingly recognized as a significant problem and preventive efforts targeting adolescents and young adults are being mobilized to tackle it. However, an accumulating body of evidence shows that these efforts fail to adequately capture young people's needs, particularly those from diverse cultures and contexts, and to incorporate their perspectives into practice. The present study aimed to address this gap by exploring young people's views on how DV can be prevented and what they expect from prevention programs in an urban Turkish context, where DV remains an under-studied issue and preventive efforts are only slowly progressing. Toward this goal, a qualitative research design was employed. Thirty-nine college students, aged 18-25, were recruited through convenience sampling and individually interviewed in a semi-structured manner. The interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed from a social constructionist perspective. The analysis revealed five main themes that indicated young people's suggestions for and expectations from DV prevention: 1) setting new dating norms, 2) targeting socialization processes, 3) improving relational competence, 4) improving oneself, and 5) managing obstacles. The findings and practice implications are discussed within a contextual-ecological framework in the changing socio-cultural terrain of Turkey. The study highlights the fact that young people's views can guide the development of effective, contextually relevant, empowering, and collaborative practices, and indicates the value of listening to young people's voices in the field of DV prevention.