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    Patterns of democratization in post-1990 Tunisia: orginis, actors, and outcomes
    (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Tiouiri, Kods Glai Ep; Boyraz, Cemil
    ABSTRACT: The 25th of July 2021 exposed the fragility of Tunisia's democratic structures and marked the beginning of a new political era under a highly personalized system. This dramatic transformation sets the ground for this study to explore, analyze, and understand the current crisis's grassroots and assess the prospects of democratization in Tunisia. Tunisian democratization experiences tend to be analyzed from either a purely domestic or external dimension; the linkage between these two dimensions and their impact on the course of democracy has barely been discussed. Using qualitative analysis, this study aims to grasp the origins of the ongoing democracy crisis in Tunisia by investigating the impact of the different democratization phases from the 1990s to 2022. The study evaluates the main internal and external actors and factors in each democratization phase and highlights how the nexus between them triggered, influenced, and shaped democratization processes. The study lays out four main contributions to democratization studies in Tunisia and the debate over the internal-external linkages in democratization. First, it highlights the fact that both the liberalization and de-liberalization processes in Tunisia during the 1990s and early 2000s are the outcomes of a combination of internal and external dimensions. Second, the study argues that the democratic transition, triggered by social demonstrations, influenced the domestic and regional landscape. This made the Tunisian democratic transition of regional and international order. The interactions between internal and external dimensions during this phase led to destabilizing and stabilizing Tunisia’s democratic transition process. Third, the study suggests that after the establishment of the democratic institutions, the international actors’ role shifted towards an ‘adjusting’ role, mainly during the crisis, to maintain the secularist-Islamist balance of power and, thus the country’s stability. Fourth, regarding the current crisis the study emphasizes how the accumulative effect, the domestic actors’ dynamics, tensions and conflicts, and the regime-external actors' relationship have paved the way for a fully-fledged and continuing democracy crisis. As the origin of the ongoing crisis is multidimensional so is its resolution.