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    Institutionalization of Science Communication in Universities of Turkiye: A Qualitative Analysis of Central Communication Units
    (MARMARA UNIV,, 2023-03-03) Öztunç, Müge; Suerdem, Ahmet; Bedir, Umur
    In contemporary policy documents and academic literature, the significance of institutional actors, particularly universities, in the communication and interaction processes between science and society is increasingly emphasized. This study aims to explore the science communication activities carried out by central communication units of universities in Türkiye, the distribution of these activities among sub-units within universities, the priorities and motivations for such activities, and the problems encountered in the institutionalization of science communication. Using a qualitative research method, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with senior officials from 20 public and foundation universities in Türkiye, and a thematic analysis approach was utilized to analyze the coded data. The results indicate that while there are noteworthy differences between public and foundation universities, central communication units prioritize routine and one-way science communication activities categorized as PR and Marketing, while Public Engagement and Public Affairs activities involving dialogue are carried out to a more limited extent. The primary motivation behind universities’ science communication is meeting specific institutional strategic goals rather than creating public benefit. Furthermore, institutionalizing science communication in universities has been hindered by personnel and budget constraints in communication offices, the lack of institutional autonomy, and undefined duties and authorities of these units under the legal regulations of the higher education system.
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    The interactions of middle-class lifestyles within the context of Islamization in Turkey
    (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2019) Öztunç, Müge; Süerdem, Ahmet Kılıç
    The primary objective of this research is to examine middle-class lifestyles within the context of the rising Islamization and how it relates to social class structure in Turkey. In this thesis, ideologies and cultural systems have been viewed as the main elements affecting and shaping lifestyles, while consumerism is considered as both a cultural system and an ideology. In recent years, we have witnessed a rise in reactionary populist movements globally. Unlike traditional conservative ideologies, these movements are open to consumption culture, new technologies and change and they use media effectively. For this reason, they were considered as social movements that are open to cultural innovation and that can mobilize different fractions of society. In parallel with this argument, post-orientalists perceived the dissolution of the welfare state and its replacement with consumerism as the erosion of the institutional structure that was built upon meta narratives of modernity. They argued that cultural diversity can be achieved through consumption and that it can give voice to the silenced minorities and thus it has an emancipatory potential that would even help bring social consensus. These movements were perceived similarly in Turkey; they were perceived as bottom-up movements that are open to change which carry the unique potential to bring freedom in cultural sphere. However, today it is observed that these movements cannot go beyond right-wing populism. This thesis criticizes post-orientalist approaches to Islamist social movements that apply a positive-normative perspective based on the premise that such movements bring about social mobilization through cultural innovations, inspire new lifestyles, and transform identities in a progressive manner. According to this, these approaches exaggerate the role of social movements as agents of change and overlook their populist and reactionary potentials. This oversight is largely due to the emphasis on cultural change through identity politics at the expense of class-based political ideology. These approaches have shaped as a reaction to the reduction of culture to ideology and this reaction has caused to separate culture from ideology and began to treat culture as independent from ideology. To classify civic society as the “cultural” and the state as the “ideological,” thereby separating the inherently intertwined concepts of hegemony and domination and assumptions that are based on the thought that cultural freedom will bring reconciliation in society are inspired by Gramsci’s concept of hegemony but unfortunately missed the essence of his concept. The failure to establish a healthy connection between culture and ideology can lead to the diffusion of hegemony through cultural freedom, that are built on discourses and symbols instead of dogmatic ideologies. These views, which are based the assumption that the domination emanates from the state, the army, the education system, or the powerful elite and that the civil society is the free sphere in a way evokes the practice of “laissez faire, laissez passer” concept in the cultural domain. These views that overlook the inequalities in the distribution of power tend to interpret social changes as bottom-up movements. However, social changes in the cultural sphere have the potential to be manipulated by the capital owners, religious men, politicians, media etc. just like the economic sphere being regulated by the powerful figures for their own interests. In other words, both areas will be shaped in favor of the interests of the more established and the more powerful. Within this framework, in contrast to these approaches, this thesis underlines the fact that domination and hegemony are intertwined and takes government as an entity that is a part of this intertwined system instead of center of domination. For this reason, it considers the analyses that are merely based on culture as incomplete and interprets class analysis multidimensionally by adopting the Marxist concept of politics, culture and ideologies as parts of a whole. In this context, based on Bourdieu’s analysis, life-styles of middle class in Turkey has been revisited by analyzing socio-cultural structure statistically, “quantitative”, and by discourse analysis, “qualitative”. Accordingly, the first method entailed the analysis of Konda 2008 and Konda 2015 data in a critical manner. Social classes are mapped based on values opinions and life styles by using exploratory and confirmatory pattern detection algorithms. This research, instead of using the original, established Konda categories (Individualist-Collectivist, Conservatism-Innovativeness, Authoritarianism-Democracy, Secular-Anti-secular, Global-Local) has used bottom-up approach and has explored data transparently. For sure, this path, which was followed in the original analysis of Konda, is not a wrong or unscientific way but bottom-up analysis has provided more opportunity to explore and reinterpret the data. In reliability analysis, some inconsistency has been observed in assumed categories. It is observed that in the current Konda analysis, modernity is examined only in terms of openness to new products and technologies and having positive views on open economy. Therefore, Konda study’s approach to modernity and globalism in a sense shows that economic liberalism is assumed as an equivalent of social liberalism and modernity. Again, it was observed that the ones who are open to new products and changes differ negatively with their views on matter that require social tolerance. Science, certainly, progresses through questioning as long it is done with transparent and methodological rules, and every research, every theoretical concept must be open to criticism; this is basically what is done in this study. Data has been explored by applying bottom-up approach, correlated with precognition hypothesis, compared and confirmed transparently and analyzed by using R codes, and the research is repeatable. In summary, while ideologies and lifestyles were mapped to class in the first phase of the analysis, in in the second phase, the qualitative analysis, discourse analysis was carried out in order to elaborate on the dynamics of current scene. In general, it is aimed to understand and interpret how cultural hegemony, which is a part of the class struggle, changes the daily struggle in terms of symbolic power and what kind of subjectivity it creates. It should be underlined that this is not a study to approve or disapprove an ideology. The findings and conceptual framework are open to discussion and questioning. This study is especially considered to have the potential to influence later research on class-based analysis in Turkey by demonstrating how cultural ideologies, class coalitions and discursive and symbolic constructions are intertwined and how they are variable. New critical studies to challenge this thesis will take research in this field further. This thesis proves that we need more information, new models and different perspectives for understanding the daily life and multidisciplinary scientific models that are ideologically, culturally and economically multidimensional.
  • Küçük Resim Yok
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    ÜNİVERSİTELERİN BİLİM İLETİŞİMİ ETKİNLİKLERİNİN KURUMSALLAŞTIRILMASI ÜZERİNE YENİ BİR ÖLÇEK ÖNERİSİ
    (2023) Bedir, Umur; Suerdem, Ahmet; Öztunç, Müge
    Üniversiteler bir yandan öğrenci çekmek ve kurumsal itibarlarını güçlendirmek gibi stratejik amaçlar, diğer taraftan toplumu bilimsel süreçlere dahil etmek ve siyasal karar alma süreçlerine bilimsel temelli katkı sunmak gibi kamusal faydayı önceleyen hedefler çerçevesinde bilim iletişimi etkinliklerinde bulunmaktadırlar. Bu araştırma, bilim iletişiminin en önemli kurumsal aktörlerinden biri olan üniversitelerin bünyelerindeki merkezi iletişim birimlerinin bu kapsamdaki rolünü ve gerçekleştirdikleri etkinlikleri konu almaktadır. Araştırmanın temel amacı ise bilim iletişimi etkinliklerinin üniversitelerde kurumsal olarak nasıl şekillendiğini analiz etmeye dönük bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Bu kapsamda ölçekte yer alacak bilim iletişimi etkinlikleri literatür taraması, keşfedici mülakatlar ve kart sıralama tekniği gibi tümdengelimsel ve tümevarımsal yöntemler kullanılarak belirlenmiş, pazarlama, halkla ilişkiler, kamusal katılım ve kamu işleri olmak üzere 4 alt-faktör çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Ölçek, istatistiksel olarak sınanmak amacıyla Türkiye‘de faaliyet gösteren devlet, vakıf ve araştırma üniversitelerinin %48‘ini temsilen 92 üniversitenin merkezi iletişim birimleri yetkilileri üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Ölçek bu yönüyle, gelecekte üniversitelerin bilim iletişimi etkinliklerini inceleyen, farklı türdeki veya farklı ülkelerdeki üniversiteleri karşılaştıran araştırmalarda kullanılabilir. Öte yandan bu ölçeğin alandaki uygulayıcılara da hem yönetimsel hem de gerçekleştirdikleri etkinlikler anlamında güçlü ve zayıf yönlerini görebilmeleri ve bilim iletişimi çalışmalarını geliştirebilmeleri açısından yol gösterici olabileceği düşünülmektedir.