The issue of impunity of private military and security company personnel: Could the International Criminal Court be a solution?
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Tarih
2024
Yazarlar
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Yayıncı
İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Hizmet odaklı ticari kuruluşlar olarak, Özel Askeri ve Güvenlik Şirketleri (ÖZAGŞ), 1990'lı yıllardan bu yana dünya çapında faaliyet göstermektedir. Ortaya çıktıklarından bu yana sadece alışveriş merkezlerinde, iş yerlerinde ve etkinlik salonlarında değil, savaş bölgelerinde ve diğer yüksek riskli ortamlarda da faaliyet gösteriyorlar. Bugün küresel Özel Askeri ve Güvenlik Endüstrisi milyarlarca dolar değerinde bir endüstri haline gelmiştir. Büyüyen bir sektör olmasına rağmen, küresel özel askeri ve güvenlik endüstrisinin hem eleştirenleri hem de destekçileri vardır. Destekleyenler, ÖZAGŞ'leri küresel güvenlik ekosisteminde olumlu etkileri olduğu görüşünü savunurken, onları eleştirenler, onların çeşitli suçlardan sorumlu olduklarına ve bir cezasızlık kültürüne sebep olduklarına inanıyor. Bu çalışmada eleştirilere odaklanılmaktadır. ÖZAGŞ'leri personelinin karıştığı bazı skandallarla hatırlanmaktalar. Bu skandallar arasında ÖZAGŞ personeli tarafından yürütülen seks ticareti ve fuhuş çetesi, masum sivillerin toplu öldürülmesi ve mahkumlara işkence yapılması yer alıyor. Buna yanıt olarak devletler, STK'lar ve şirketler, esas olarak ÖZAGŞ'lerinin meşru kullanımının sınırlarını netleştirmeyi ve ÖZAGŞ'leri ve operasyonları için bir dizi ilke oluşturmayı amaçlayan yumuşak hukuk araçları oluşturdular. Ancak böylesi skandallar bitmiyor gibi görünüyor. ÖZAGŞ'leri ve personeli hâlâ cezasızlık kültüründen faydalanmakla suçlanıyor. Öte yandan Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM) uluslararası düzeyde suçlarla ilgilenen bir yargı mekanizmasıdır. Devletlerin isteksiz veya kabiliyetsiz olduğu durumlarda harekete geçer ve bireyleri doğrudan sorumlu tutabilir. Bunu akılda tutarak, elimizdeki çalışma, Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi'nin ÖZAGŞ personelinin cezasızlığı sorununu çözme potansiyelini değerlendiriyor. Çalışma, UCM'nin soruna yalnızca kısmi bir çözüm sağladığı ve ÖZAGŞ personelinin cezasız kalması sorunuyla ilgilenmek için ideal bir kurum olmadığı sonucuna varıyor.
As service-oriented business entities, private military and security companies (PMSCs) have a history dating back to the 1990s. Since their emergence, PMSCs have operated in a variety of environments, including shopping malls, business premises, event halls as well as warzones and other high-risk environments. Today, the global private military and security industry is a billions of dollars worth industry. The global private military and security industry is growing and its influence is expanding, but it has both its critics and supporters. While those who hold positive views about the industry tend to believe that PMSCs have a generally positive impact in global security ecosystem, critics of PMSCs believe that they are responsible for a variety of crimes and enjoying a culture of impunity. The present study focuses on the latter. PMSCs are known for certain scandals that some PMSCs and their personnel were involved in. Among these scandals were the operation of sex trafficking and prostitution rings, the mass-killings of innocent civilians and the torture of prisoners. In response, states, NGOs and companies developed soft-law instruments to clarify the limits of legitimate use of PMSCs and to establish a set of principles for PMSCs and their operations. However, there seems to be no end for such scandals. In recent years, PMSCs have been accused of enjoying a culture of impunity. On the other hand, the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a judicial mechanism which deals with crimes at international level. It acts when states are unable or unwilling and may directly hold individuals accountable. With this in mind, the study at hand assesses the International Criminal Court's potential in solving the issue of impunity of PMSC personnel. The study concludes that the ICC provides only a partial solution to the problem and not the ideal institution for dealing with the issue of impunity of PMSC personnel.
As service-oriented business entities, private military and security companies (PMSCs) have a history dating back to the 1990s. Since their emergence, PMSCs have operated in a variety of environments, including shopping malls, business premises, event halls as well as warzones and other high-risk environments. Today, the global private military and security industry is a billions of dollars worth industry. The global private military and security industry is growing and its influence is expanding, but it has both its critics and supporters. While those who hold positive views about the industry tend to believe that PMSCs have a generally positive impact in global security ecosystem, critics of PMSCs believe that they are responsible for a variety of crimes and enjoying a culture of impunity. The present study focuses on the latter. PMSCs are known for certain scandals that some PMSCs and their personnel were involved in. Among these scandals were the operation of sex trafficking and prostitution rings, the mass-killings of innocent civilians and the torture of prisoners. In response, states, NGOs and companies developed soft-law instruments to clarify the limits of legitimate use of PMSCs and to establish a set of principles for PMSCs and their operations. However, there seems to be no end for such scandals. In recent years, PMSCs have been accused of enjoying a culture of impunity. On the other hand, the International Criminal Court (ICC) is a judicial mechanism which deals with crimes at international level. It acts when states are unable or unwilling and may directly hold individuals accountable. With this in mind, the study at hand assesses the International Criminal Court's potential in solving the issue of impunity of PMSC personnel. The study concludes that the ICC provides only a partial solution to the problem and not the ideal institution for dealing with the issue of impunity of PMSC personnel.
Açıklama
Lisansüstü Programlar Enstitüsü, İnsan Hakları Hukuku Bilim Dalı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Hukuk, Law
