Influence of nano-silica and r-MgO on rheological properties, 3D printability, and mechanical properties of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag-based mixes

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dc.authorid0000-0001-9017-9443
dc.authorid0000-0003-1484-7758
dc.authorid0009-0004-9773-2984
dc.authorid0000-0002-8125-1850
dc.authorid0009-0007-8199-4551
dc.authorid0000-0002-0093-1994
dc.contributor.authorAkturk, Buesra
dc.contributor.authorErtugrul, Onur
dc.contributor.authorOzen, Omer Can
dc.contributor.authorOktay, Didem
dc.contributor.authorYazar, Tugrul
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-04T18:55:35Z
dc.date.available2026-04-04T18:55:35Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.departmentİstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi
dc.description.abstractInterest in 3D concrete printing is growing quickly in academia and industry. Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are a greener alternative to cement but traditional AAMs face challenges with high-viscosity alkaline solutions and energy demands. One-part AAMs, using solid activators and aluminosilicate precursors, present a promising solution. This research investigated the potential producibility of one-part sodium carbonate-activated, slag-based 3D printable mixes. The disadvantages of sodium carbonate activation were mitigated by using reactive MgO (r-MgO), obtained through low-temperature calcination, as a partial substitute for the primary precursor, slag. Additionally, nano-silica was incorporated into the mixes to improve rheological and mechanical properties as well as printability. Several mixes were developed using varying amounts of r-MgO, up to 15 %, and a small amount of nano-silica, 1 % by weight. Rheological properties, including static and dynamic yield stress and viscosity recovery, were evaluated. The printability and buildability of the mixes were experimentally assessed to determine their feasibility for 3D printing. The test results indicated that printable, buildable mixes with proper setting times and sufficient compressive strength can be obtained by substituting slag with r-MgO in specific amounts, namely 10 % and 15 % by weight. While yield stress, compressive strength, printability, and buildability improved with r-MgO substitution, setting time decreased. Furthermore, the inclusion of nano-silica significantly enhanced rheological properties, while mechanical properties showed a slight improvement in 3D-printed samples, which also enabled printable mixes with low r-MgO content (5 %). Moreover, the environmental impact of the produced mixes was found to be much lower than that of Portland-cement-based mixes. In conclusion, one-part sodium carbonate-activated, slag-based mixes present a viable and environmentally friendly alternative for 3D-printable mortar, in case of the inclusion of r-MgO.
dc.description.sponsorshipIstanbul Bilgi University scientific research projects [AK85096]; Yildiz Technical University research projects [FYL-2023-5439]
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study received partial funding from the project titled Production of Nano-Silica Added, Sodium Carbonate Activated Reactive MgO/Slag-Based Binder Systems: Rheological, Microstructural Properties, Performance, and Manufacturability with Digital Technologies, supported by Istanbul Bilgi University scientific research projects (Project No: AK85096) and Yildiz Technical University research projects (Project No: FYL-2023-5439) . The authors extend their appreciation to AKCANSA Inc. and KUMAS Magnesite Industry Inc. for providing slag and reactive MgO, respectively. During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT in order to improve the language. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the publication.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112245
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112245
dc.identifier.issn2352-7102
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85219495889
dc.identifier.scopusqualityQ1
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.112245
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11411/10463
dc.identifier.volume104
dc.identifier.wosWOS:001443884200001
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ1
dc.indekslendigikaynakWeb of Science
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Building Engineering
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess
dc.snmzKA_WoS_20260402
dc.snmzKA_Scopus_20260402
dc.subject3D Printed Concrete
dc.subjectR-Mgo
dc.subjectNano-Silica
dc.subjectSodium Carbonate
dc.subjectOne-Part Alkali-Activation
dc.subjectRheology
dc.titleInfluence of nano-silica and r-MgO on rheological properties, 3D printability, and mechanical properties of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag-based mixes
dc.typeArticle

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