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    Capabilities Indicators for Human Rights Cities in Turkey: A Gender-Specific Approach
    (Springer, 2022) Yucel, Yelda
    There has been a growing movement around human rights cities (HRCs) in the last two decades, supported by citizens, public institutions, civil society organizations, and academia. Diverse HRC practices and approaches have accompanied this development. Most work to date has focused on processes and institutionalization and remains case-specific; comparative rights-based empirical research at the local level is rare. To fill this gap, this paper proposes indicators as a tool for assessment of human rights in cities. The development of the indicators forms part of a broader project initiated by Raoul Wallenberg Institute (RWI) Research Worldwide Istanbul and the Union of Turkish World Municipalities, in which seven Turkish municipalities have been collaboratively developing HRC capacities since mid-2017. This study focuses on gender as a cross-cutting component of the multidimensional human rights space. It utilizes a capabilities approach to transform an abstract notion of rights into concrete, observable concepts and indicators that connect human rights and the provision of public goods and services through the capabilities of citizens. The proposed gender indicators have been tested through a series of semi-structured interviews with contact persons in participating municipalities. The HRC processes in these municipalities serve as an exemplar for research and activism regarding HRCs, especially in a developing country context.
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    GENDER BUDGETING IN TURKEY: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL PRACTICES FROM THE WELL-BEING PERSPECTIVE
    (Soc Ed Il Mulino, 2015) Gunluk-Senesen, Gulay; Yucel, Yelda; Yakar-Onal, Aysegul; Yakut-Cakar, Burcu; Ergunes, Nuray
    This paper introduces the basic methodology and general findings of the research project entitled Public Policies, Local Governments, Gender Budgeting: Women Friendly Cities, Case of Turkey. The aim of the project was to analyse public policies at the local level, the services and expenditures of the municipalities in particular from the gender well-being perspective. Main driver of the research was the expectation that promotion of gender mainstreaming in public policy design would have reflections in resource allocation in those pilot cities, which committed to the United Nations Joint Program-Women Friendly Cities Project (UNJP-WFCP) in Turkey since 2006. Five WFCP cities in different geographical regions (Kars, Sanliurfa, Nevsehir, Izmir, Samsun) were chosen and each was coupled with five neigbouring cities (Erzurum, Diyarbakir, Kayseri, Manisa, Ordu). Comparative analyses were conducted by: 1. gender auditing of policy documents; 2. cross-checking of perceptions of local service providers with those of local women beneficiaries; and 3. de-construction of municipality budgets on the basis of women's capabilities. Our well-being gender budgeting exercises showed that UNJP-WFCP cities were not much different from others in allocating funds to programmes that have the potential to enhance women's capabilities. We discuss the interaction of multiplicity of issues which need to be accounted for in assessments of current and prospective policy practices.
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    Response to the crisis and gender segregation in Turkey's labour market
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2015) Yucel, Yelda
    This study addresses the effectiveness of the fiscal stimulus package announced by the Turkish government in 2009 in terms of its particular gendered outcomes, with a special emphasis on employment policies. Through an analysis of the package's components and the policies of the Public Employment Agency of Turkey (Iskur), this article demonstrates the public sector's reluctance to take a leading role in generating employment and the insufficiency of its efforts in addressing the stated goal of increasing women's employment. Active and passive employment policies in Turkey are instead shown to be accommodating the country's gender-segregated labour markets and discrimination against women.
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    WORKING HOURS ADJUSTMENT AND GENDER PROFILES DURING THE CRISES: THE CASE OF TURKEY
    (Soc Ed Il Mulino, 2020) Yucel, Yelda
    This paper explores the relationship between working hours and gender in two different recessionary episodes in Turkey and examines the profiles of employees working shorter or longer than usual. The study explores the existence of short-term responses in working hours in two crises (during the global economic slowdown of 2008 and 2018-2019) and attempts to identify the characteristics of adaptation to economic shocks through working hours. More importantly, analysis of working hours over the two periods includes gender as the key dimension, spanning time and categorical variables. The data source is the individual data from Household Labor Force Surveys (HLFS, 2009 and 2019) produced by the Turkish Statistical Institute. The study finds significant changes in working hours in the two crises in reduced or increased hours and differences in distributions of female and male employees. Comparatively, more adjustments took place in increased hours in 2019, accompanied by an expansion of women's share in this segment. Concerning employee profiles, findings suggest that the labor force subject to work hour changes was older, more educated, and experienced in Turkey's recent stagnation. These changes were more so for women employees.