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Öğe Effect of sex and dyad composition on speech and gesture development of singleton and twin children(Cambridge Univ Press, 2021) Ozturk, Sumeyra; Pinar, Ebru; Ketrez, F. Nihan; Ozcaliskan, SeydaChildren's early vocabulary shows sex differences - with boys having smaller vocabularies than age-comparable girls - a pattern that becomes evident in both singletons and twins. Twins also use fewer words than their singleton peers. However, we know relatively less about sex differences in early gesturing in singletons or twins, and also how singletons and twins might differ in their early gesture use. We examine the patterns of speech and gesture production of singleton and twin children, ages 0;10-to-3;4, during structured parent-child play. Boys and girls - singleton or twin - were similar in speech and gesture production, but singletons used a greater amount and diversity of speech and gestures than twins. There was no effect of twin dyad type (boy-boy, girl-girl, boy-girl) on either speech or gesture production. These results confirm earlier research showing close integration between gesture and speech in singletons in early language development, and further extend these patterns to twin children.Öğe Parental Speech and Gesture Input to Girls Versus Boys in Singletons and Twins(Springer, 2021) Pinar, Ebru; Ozturk, Sumeyra; Ketrez, F. Nihan; Ozcaliskan, SeydaChildren show sex differences in early speech development, with girls producing a greater number and variety of words at an earlier age than boys (Berglund et al. in Scand J Psychol 46(6): 485-491, 2005)-a pattern that also becomes evident in gesture (Butterworth and Morisette in J Reprod Infant Psychol 14(3): 219-231, 1996). Importantly, parents show variability in how they produce speech when interacting with their singleton sons vs. daughters (i.e., Cherry and Lewis in Dev Psychol 12: 278-282, 1976; Leaper et al. in Dev Psychol 34: 3-27, 1998). However, it is unknown whether the variability in speech input extends to different twin dyads or becomes evident in gesture input. In this study, we examined parental gesture and speech input to 35 singleton (19 boys, 16 girls) and 62 twin (10 boy-boy, 9 girl-girl, and 12 girl-boy dyads) Turkish children (age range = 0;10-3;4) in parent-child interactions. We asked whether there is evidence of sex (girls vs. boys) or group (singletons vs. twins) differences in parents' speech and gesture production, and whether these differences also become evident in different twin dyads (girl-girl, boy-boy, girl-boy). Our results, based on parent-child interactions, largely showed no evidence of sex or dyad-composition difference in either parent speech or gesture, but evidence of a group difference in gesture, with the parents of singletons providing a greater amount, diversity, and complexity of gestures than parents of twins in their interactions. These results suggest that differences in parent input to singletons vs. twins might become evident initially in gesture.