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    Building Bridges: International Institutions and Syrian Youth in Turkish Higher Education
    (Palgrave Macmillan Ltd, 2026) Onursal-Besgul, Ozge
    This article examines the role of international organisations and supranational actors, conceptualised here as international institutions, in disseminating inclusive higher education norms for refugees, with a focus on their influence at the national level in Turkey. Using primary documents and expert interviews, the article analyses how international institutions facilitate the transfer of norms, provide funding and shape policy design in crisis contexts. The findings reveal that international institution-led initiatives in Turkey have supplemented crisis-responsive education frameworks, serving as mechanisms to support Syrian youth and as tools to promote inclusion. The analysis reveals that higher education functions as both a humanitarian response and a strategic policy area. International norms are adapted and negotiated within domestic settings and applied selectively. Overall, the article explains why the diffusion of higher education norms for refugees is incomplete. It reveals how international institutions contribute to shaping national policy during times of crisis, as well as the limitations they face due to domestic political priorities and power relations.
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    From diffusion to contestation: understanding norms in politics
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2026) Onursal-Besgul, Ozge; Kaya, Ayhan
    This Special Issue examines the dynamics of norm diffusion, contestation and localization in Southeast Europe and the Black Sea region, focusing particularly on T & uuml;rkiye. Drawing on research into international organizations, norm diffusion and Europeanization, this issue explores how norms are constructed, disseminated, adapted and challenged in global, regional and domestic contexts. The twelve contributions are organized around four interrelated themes: (1) the reinterpretation of liberal norms and the shifting international order; (2) domestic adaptation, localization, and de-Europeanization; (3) civil society and the politics of norm preservation; and (4) regional and sectoral arenas of norm production, including migration, climate, and gender policies. Together, the articles emphasize the nonlinear, multilevel, and contested nature of normative change. They demonstrate how regional actors, international institutions, and civil society influence, resist, and transform normative orders amid geopolitical shifts and overlapping crises.
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    Policy Transfer and Discursive De-Europeanisation: Higher Education from Bologna to Turkey
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Onursal-Besgul, Ozge
    This article analyses Turkey's integration into the Bologna Process, concentrating on the questions of why and how Turkey is transferring norms in the area of higher education. As an example of policy transfer, the Bologna Process provides important insights into the question of why states choose to voluntarily adopt norms where there is no top-down pressure for change. Focusing on Turkey as a case study, the article identifies the narratives of the agents of change responsible for the reform process. The agents are the intermediaries in the Europeanisation process - they construct the discourses and they are the ones responsible for transmitting the process to the society at large. The article concludes that while institutional Europeanisation is taking place in the area of higher education, discursive Europeanisation is lacking.
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    Roma rights in Turkey: De- europeanization as a form of contestation
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Onursal-Besgul, Ozge; Gokce-Kizilkaya, Suna
    This article examines the historical development of Roma rights in Turkey through the dual lenses of Europeanization and de-Europeanization, with a focus on normative contestation. Rather than disappearing, the norms introduced during the Europeanization phase have been selectively applied, reframed, and recontextualised within a 'national and native' policy agenda. De-Europeanization is therefore not understood as an outright rejection of European norms, but rather as their renegotiation - a process of normative contestation. To this end, a qualitative content analysis is conducted using primary documents such as EU country and progress reports, national strategies, action plans, and project findings relating to Roma rights. Particular attention is given to two key policy documents - the 2016-2021 and 2023-2030 National Roma Social Inclusion Strategies - and their respective action plans. The study traces the evolution of Turkey's national policy framework on Roma inclusion.
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    Translating norms from Europe to Turkey: Turkey in the Bologna Process
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Onursal-Besgul, Ozge
    This article focuses on the structural changes Turkish higher education is going through as a result of Turkey's integration into the European educational space. The focus of the article is the process of policy transfer. For this purpose, the article outlines the changes in Turkish higher education comprehensively to explain the dynamics of the policy transfer. Creation of a national qualifications system and establishment of a quality assurance system are given as examples of policy transfer. The article concludes that while the system is becoming more student-centred, change in higher education is happening in a very top-down fashion, where participation of relevant stakeholders is not ensured.
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    Youth participation in local politics: city councils and youth assemblies in Turkey
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Gokce-Kizilkaya, Suna; Onursal-Besgul, Ozge
    The focus of this study is political participation of youth in local politics in Turkey. Since local politics includes elements from both macro politics and mundane affairs, it proves to be a fertile ground to analyse how youth experience politics. Youth participation in local politics became an important issue in Turkey with the Agenda 21. The Agenda 21 that was launched with the UN Rio Summit was transferred to Turkey in the form of Local Agenda 21 leading to the establishment of city councils and youth assemblies under the umbrella of the councils. We treat city councils and youth assemblies as a lost opportunity' for now, and we ask why the youth cannot be integrated into local politics, despite the fact that they are willing to participate. Based on the interviews conducted with the members of assemblies, we try to understand the factors that lead to young people's engagement in political life.