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    A 3D-Printed Magnetic Focus Actuator for Laser Scanning Capsule Endoscopy
    (Ieee, 2024) Erdil, Kuter; Kebapcioglu, Berkay; Erten, Ahmet Can; Yelten, Mustafa Berke; Ferhanoglu, Onur
    We report the design, manufacturing, and characterization results of a magnetic focus actuator and integrated circuit driver for use with miniaturized laser scanning capsule endoscopy. The capsule structure comprises: (1) a magnet-attached, SLA-printed focus actuator, (2) a lens and its housing, (3) a laser diode inserted into the electro coil, and (4) an actuator driver IC, which provides alternating current output at 32 Hz by down-converting the crystal frequency multiple times to match the mechanical resonance of the actuator itself. Due to the restricted power provided by the battery within the capsule, the IC is designed to mitigate higher harmonics for improved energy efficiency. Focus actuation tests were conducted following the assembly of the actuator and IC within the capsule, showcasing a total focal shift of 3.22 mm due to the interaction between the electro coil and Nd magnets.
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    Magnetic actuator driver system for laser scanning capsule endoscopy
    (Elsevier Gmbh, 2025) Kebapcioglu, Berkay; Erdil, Kuter; Erten, Ahmet Can; Ferhanoglu, Onur; Yelten, Mustafa Berke
    This paper focuses on designing and implementing a power and area-efficient magnetic actuator driver interface integrated circuit for laser scanning capsule endoscopy. The proposed system contains a 3D-printed focus- adjusting actuator embarking a lens, multiple magnets, an external coil, battery, laser, and actuator driver integrated circuit with off-chip components. The actuator features multiple pantograph springs connected to the lens, as well as multiple magnets, enabling precise focusing capability through electromagnetic actuation. A magnetic actuator driver integrated circuit implemented in a commercial 180 nm CMOS process drives the coil at 32 Hz, which is the mechanical resonance frequency of the actuator. A novel control methodology for the driver has been devised, aimed at enhancing driving efficiency and mitigating total harmonic distortion. Simulations and measurements substantiate that the actuator can induce a 3.22 mm focal point displacement while the driver circuit delivers 9.62 mA (RMS) current to the 7.7 mH coil. Under these conditions, the system exhibits an aggregate power consumption of 11.48 mW, thereby achieving a power efficiency of 85.5%.