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    GENDER BUDGETING IN TURKEY: AN ASSESSMENT OF LOCAL PRACTICES FROM THE WELL-BEING PERSPECTIVE
    (Soc Ed Il Mulino, 2015) Gunluk-Senesen, Gulay; Yucel, Yelda; Yakar-Onal, Aysegul; Yakut-Cakar, Burcu; Ergunes, Nuray
    This paper introduces the basic methodology and general findings of the research project entitled Public Policies, Local Governments, Gender Budgeting: Women Friendly Cities, Case of Turkey. The aim of the project was to analyse public policies at the local level, the services and expenditures of the municipalities in particular from the gender well-being perspective. Main driver of the research was the expectation that promotion of gender mainstreaming in public policy design would have reflections in resource allocation in those pilot cities, which committed to the United Nations Joint Program-Women Friendly Cities Project (UNJP-WFCP) in Turkey since 2006. Five WFCP cities in different geographical regions (Kars, Sanliurfa, Nevsehir, Izmir, Samsun) were chosen and each was coupled with five neigbouring cities (Erzurum, Diyarbakir, Kayseri, Manisa, Ordu). Comparative analyses were conducted by: 1. gender auditing of policy documents; 2. cross-checking of perceptions of local service providers with those of local women beneficiaries; and 3. de-construction of municipality budgets on the basis of women's capabilities. Our well-being gender budgeting exercises showed that UNJP-WFCP cities were not much different from others in allocating funds to programmes that have the potential to enhance women's capabilities. We discuss the interaction of multiplicity of issues which need to be accounted for in assessments of current and prospective policy practices.
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    Gender multipliers of informal employment: an analysis with the total-flow model for the Turkish case
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2026) Gunluk-Senesen, Gulay; Yobas, M. Banu
    This article analyses gendered patterns of informal employment in T & uuml;rkiye using the Total-Flow model to account for deliveries to both final demand and intermediate demand. We presume that informal employment is sustained in the economy due to the cost advantage not only for the employer but also for the purchasers of its products. We explore patterns of upstream transmission of gendered informal labour. We address the gendered formal-informal divide with demographic characteristics to unravel the intertwined social norms and economic realities. A noteworthy finding, based on cross-sectoral multipliers, is that informal employment in agriculture is highly associated with outputs of all other sectors. We introduce the rent gain from informality into our model and estimate the liability of formalization in employer sectors under three scenarios. We draw attention to the significance of the gender pay gap with the estimated high value of supplementary compensation for transition to formalization.
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    Global to Local: Translation of UN Women's Gender Responsive Budgeting Framework into Municipalities in Türkiye
    (Wiley, 2025) Yucel, Yelda; Yakut-Cakar, Burcu; Yakar-Onal, Aysegul; Gunluk-Senesen, Gulay
    The integration of gender equality into public policies has been one of the key principles adopted by various international organizations since the mid-1990s, facilitated by the global dissemination of a range of policy tools and frameworks. UN institutions have emerged as pivotal actors in advocating for and guiding the dissemination of gender responsive budgeting (GRB) as one of the strategic gender-sensitive approaches at both central and local government levels. This article examines the role of UN Women (UNW) in enabling GRB in T & uuml;rkiye since the late 2000s, focusing on the experiences of the municipalities that have collaborated with UNW on GRB projects. It does so by applying a novel framework developed to identify forms of policy transfer. Drawing on qualitative data from the research conducted with experts from the four partner municipalities in UNW's GRB project in T & uuml;rkiye, the study finds that UNW has played a key role as an initiator and mediator in embedding GRB at the local level, acting as a catalyst in empowering the practitioners at municipalities in their GRB work. The findings also reveal a diverse spectrum of transmission modalities, including enforcement mechanisms, learning processes, and context-specific adaptations, albeit with persistent challenges and constraints.