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    Internationalization of social enterprises: barriers and catalyzers
    (İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Gholizade Ahranjani, Sepideh; Gonca, Günay
    ABSTRACT: Social enterprises (SEs) tackle the local and global communities' most demanding social needs/ problems by developing groundbreaking solutions or innovative business models. Studies in the field have presented that the main driving forces behind the internationalization of SEs include institutional failures, global wealth disparity, corporate social responsibility movements, and technological advancements. While revealing the global nature of social problems, these factors simultaneously present variations in the character of SEs worldwide. Therefore, academics hypothesized that one of the main factors causing a dynamic internationalization process is the diversity in the nature or character of SEs. However, due to the developing social entrepreneurship field, empirical research on social enterprises' internationalization process is rudimentary. This thesis study attempts to fill the existing gap and extend the knowledge about the factors that constrain or accelerate the internationalization process of SEs. This research relies on the business model (BM) framework to investigate the process of internationalization since it allows exploring the role and interaction of external and internal variables on different components of the BMs, which might create challenges and complexity in the internationalization process of SEs. The researcher adopts the thematic narrative analysis methodology to examine the role of social mission, institutional factors, and dynamic capability in replicating the BMs into the context of host countries. The novelty of this study is the application of the BM perspective for examining the internationalization process of SEs which enables the researcher to explore the role of external and internal variables that hinder or foster the replication of BM in new contexts. Therefore, while investigating the internationalization process, this study also reveals how the BM, in essence, and the social mission in particular, influence the cross-border expansion and transfer process of SEs. In addition, concentrating on the three theoretical frameworks enables exploring the barriers and catalyzers in the internationalization process of four case studies in the context of Turkey. By revealing the varied role of formal and informal institutions in the BM replication process, the study's findings also present that going international decisions of SEs are contingent on the nature of the social mission and the context characteristic of host countries. Thus, internationalized SEs require applying a similar strategic approach as adjusting their BMs with the institutional contexts to overcome the external barriers through deploying dynamic capabilities and implementing business model innovation. This research, while enhancing the knowledge of the internationalization process of SEs, also advances our understanding by illuminating the function and effects that various types of BM play in the internationalization process based on the nature of the social mission of SEs. The research also suggests various implications for academics and practitioners by proposing approaches that assist social entrepreneurs in overcoming possible contextual constraints and complexities driven by macro and micro-level institutions.