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    “As Reliable as a Kalashnikov Rifle”: How Sputnik News Promotes Russian Vaccine Technologies in the Turkish Twittersphere
    (SAGE Publications Ltd, 2023-01) Furman, Ivo Ozan; Gürel, Kurt Bilgin; Sivaslıoğlu, Fırat Berk
    Established in 2014, SputnikTR (a localized version of Sputnik News) is the most popular pro-Russian media outlet active in Turkey. The news content published by SputnikTR's Twitter account currently attracts the highest engagement rates among the international public broadcasters active in Turkey. SputnikTR's official Twitter account has more followers (1M) than Sputnik News English (326K). This article argues that SputnikTR's Twitter account is used to promote Russian vaccine technologies in Turkey. We believe that it is also a conduit for the dissemination of pro-Russian as well as anti-Western narratives to the Turkish online public. Using a computational methodology, we collected 2,782 vaccine-related tweets posted by SputnikTR's Twitter account between April 2019 and April 2021. We deployed framing as well as critical discourse analysis to study the contents of our dataset. Our findings suggest that SputnikTR uses (a) disinformation as well as misinformation in vaccine-related news and (b) unethical communication techniques to maximize engagement with content posted on Twitter. Our findings are significant insofar as they are the first documented instances of Russian propaganda efforts on Turkish Twitter. These efforts seem to be focused on promoting the Russian vaccine while encouraging public hesitancy toward Western vaccine technologies.
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    Mapping Anti-Diyanet Oppositional Publics During the 2018 Deism Controversy on Turkish Twitter
    (2023) Furman, Ivo Ozan; Akyıldız, Kaya
    Amidst rumors that deism - a form of agnosticism that rejects organized religion - was becoming popular amongst students attending religious schools in Turkey, Ali Erbaş, the head of the Religious Affairs Directorate, made a public statement wherein deists were described as adhering to “a perverse and heretic philosophy”. Soon afterwards, social media was abuzz with responses to Erbaş’s controversial statement. Using computational data collection strategies to amass a dataset of 21,674 tweets sent out by 15,226 distinct Twitter users within 48 hours of the event, this study examines the positions and themes through which the controversy was discussed on Twitter. It relies on both qualitative analysis as well as social network analysis to present evidence on how the controversy turned the Turkish Twittersphere into a temporary dialogical space for the a) enunciation of “deconversion narratives” from Islam, b) expression of grassroots civil activism attempting to hold government actors accountable for Erbaş’s comments, c) voicing of rationalized collective critique towards the policies of Ali Erbaş and the Diyanet.
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    What Were Bulletin Board Systems? Looking Back At Pre-Internet Online Communication in Turkey
    (2024) Furman, Ivo Ozan
    As an online communication technology predating the Internet, Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) are considered to be precursors of modern-day social media. Despite being a popular technology of its era both in Türkiye and abroad, BBS technologies tend to be entirely overlooked in historical accounts of online communication. This article begins with an overview on the history of BBS technologies both in Türkiye and abroad. It then introduces the HitNet archive, currently the only publicly accessible Turkish language BBS archive in the world. Using applied content analysis, the article then explores whether contents of the HitNet archive align with the findings of international academic literature on global BBS usage. The findings of paint a mixed picture wherein certain aspects of the HiTNet archive present a mixed picture that both affirms as well as contradicts academic literature. On one hand there are elements affirming the hyperlocal nature of BBS networks (message contents, unique topics for each server). On the other, there are mutual elements (humour) that complicate the framing of Turkish BBSs as hyperlocal entities. Accordingly one can tentatively argue that HiTNet users, while bound to their local geographical context, belonged to a relatively homogenous demographic (male university students and computing enthusiasts). Unfortunately, the findings of this article are not generalizable for all HiTNet users due to very limited nature of the sample studied. Furthermore, the lack of accessible archives means that it is increasingly difficult to access BBS content from the period dating from 1990-1997. The article concludes by stressing that archival research needs to be urgently undertaken in Türkiye to catalog what remains from the BBS era. If no action is taken, there is a risk of losing access to all online communication between 1990 and 1997.