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Öğe Demography and migration(Cambridge University Press, 2010) Faroqhi, S.N.A number of suggestions have been made for estimating urban populations for periods from which no direct data are extant, some being more convincing than others. The Islamic conquest led to the immigration into what is today Spain and Portugal of both Berbers from western North Africa and of Arabs who themselves had arrived in the Maghrib only a few generations earlier. Throughout the history of al-Andalus, nomads were never of any significance. Another major consequence of caliphal rule was the entry of Turks into the Middle East, and also into India. Under Ottoman rule Mamluks disappeared from Syria. In the first decades of Mongol domination in Iran the underground water channels were often destroyed. Anatolian and Balkan nomads of the 900s/1500s showed a certain propensity to settle down, or at least this is the impression conveyed by the tahrirs. Some information is available concerning the demographic effects of the plague in Syria and Egypt during the Mamluk period. © Cambridge University Press 2010.Öğe Introduction [2-s2.0-84928419728](Cambridge University Press, 2011) Faroqhi, S.N.Of the Ottoman Empire we can say what Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) once wrote about the seventeenth-century military commander and entrepreneur Albrecht von Wallenstein (in Czech, Albrecht Václav Eusebius z Valdštejna, 1583–1634). According to Schiller’s verse, the favour and hate of [conflicting] parties had caused confusion, producing a highly variable image of Wallenstein’s character in history. Put differently, it was the diverging perspectives of the beholders that gave rise to this instability. Admittedly, being a poet, Schiller made his point far more concisely than the present author is able to do. In certain traditions of historiography in the Balkans and elsewhere as well, denigrating the Ottoman Empire and making it responsible for all manner of “backwardness” is still widespread, although challenges to this view have been mounting during the last 30 years. On the other hand, romanticising the images of Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81) or Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66) is also quite a popular enterprise: witness the statue of Mehmed II in downtown Istanbul – a new one is in the planning stage – and the double monument to Zrínyi Miklós and Sultan Süleyman in a park of Szigetvar, Hungary. © Cambridge University Press 2013.Öğe Ottoman population(Cambridge University Press, 2011) Faroqhi, S.N.In the century and a half covered by this volume, Ottoman governmental structure changed enormously, and so did the society subjected to the rule of the sultans and their office-holders. At the beginning of our period, the empire governed by the sultans extended over the Balkans to include central Anatolia, while the eastern section of the peninsula for the most part was still under the rule of princes recognising as their overlords not the Ottomans but the Mamluk sultans of Egypt and Greater Syria. The latter term refers to the region stretching roughly from the present-day Turkish border to that of Egypt; it encompasses today’s Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine. Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451–81) made the Tatar hanate of the Crimea into a dependent principality and the Black Sea into an Ottoman lake. He also began the long, drawn-out project, completed only in 1669 with the conquest of Crete or even in 1715 with the re-conquest of the Peloponnese after a short Venetian occupation, of driving Venice out of the eastern Mediterranean. But for the time being the Venetians and to a lesser extent the Genoese were still very present in the region. While there survive very few official counts recording the empire’s taxpayers of that early period, we can assume that Mehmed II ruled over a population that was Christian to a very large extent. But by 1603, when our period ended, the Ottoman polity had turned from a regional empire into a world one, and the religious composition of the population had dramatically changed as well. The crucial step was the conquest of the Mamluk sultanate in 1516–17, followed by the annexation of the Hijaz, which made the Ottoman sultans the acknowledged protectors of the pilgrimage to Mecca. There followed the – albeit temporary – acquisition of Yemen and the more durable conquest of Iraq. By the 1530s, the sea captains of Sultan Süleyman I (r. 1520–66) challenged the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, and while they did not succeed in driving their opponents out of Goa or Hormuz, they did ensure Ottoman control over the Red Sea and thereby the security of Mecca and Medina. © Cambridge University Press 2013.Öğe The Cambridge history of Turkey volume 2: The Ottoman empire as a world power, 1453–1603(Cambridge University Press, 2011) Faroqhi, S.N.; Fleet, K.With the conquest of Constantinople and the extinguishing of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the Ottoman Empire moved into a new phase of expansion during which it emerged in the sixteenth century as a dominant political player on the world scene. With territory stretching around the Mediterranean from the Adriatic Sea to Morocco, and from the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea, the Ottomans reached the apogee of their military might in a period seen by many later Ottomans, and much later historians, as a golden age in which the state was strong, the sultan's might unquestionable, and intellectual life and the arts flourishing. Volume 2 of The Cambridge History of Turkey examines this period from the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 to the accession of Ahmed I in 1603. The essays, written by leading scholars in the field, assess the considerable expansion of Ottoman power and the effervescence of the Ottoman intellectual and cultural world through literature, art, and architecture. They also investigate the challenges that faced the Ottoman state, particularly in the later period, as the empire experienced economic crises, revolts, and long drawn-out wars. © Cambridge University Press 2013.Öğe Trading between east and west: The ottoman empire of the early modern period(Brill Academic Publishers, 2014) Faroqhi, S.N.[No abstract available]
