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Öğe Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the city of Hatay triggered after the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras,-Türkiye earthquake sequence(Elsevier, 2024) Bol, Ertan; Ozocak, Askin; Sert, Sedat; Cetin, Kemal Onder; Arslan, Eylem; Kocaman, Kadir; Ayhan, Bilal UmutThis study investigates the consequences of consequences of liquefaction hazards following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaras, Earthquakes in Hatay, T & uuml;rkiye. Field reconnaissance surveys were conducted in areas prone to liquefaction, including recent alluvial basins, the Amik (Amuq) Plain, and the Asi (Orontes) River. Specifically, attention was given to I(center dot)skenderun (Alexandretta), Dortyol coasts, the Hatay Airport region, and Demirkopr & uuml; village near the Asi River. Observations indicated that geological and geomorphological factors primarily influenced liquefaction ejecta and liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in these areas. In Dortyol, liquefaction manifestations were observed on the coastline, which has undergone natural processes, while in I(center dot)skenderun, they occurred on human-made extended reclaimed land. Additionally, liquefaction manifestations in the Hatay Airport region were impacted by the drained Amik Lake, and those in Demirkopr & uuml; Village were influenced by the fluvial nature of the Asi River and its sub facies. The sites experiencing liquefaction and lateral spreading mainly comprised coastal deposits, lacustrine sediments, and sub facies of the meandering river, such as point bars, abandoned channels, and levees. Consequently, the study underscores the significant correlation between geomorphology and liquefaction hazards in the context of the 2023 Kahramanmaras,-T & uuml;rkiye Earthquakes. Considering these factors may facilitate further research and the identification of sites susceptible to liquefaction.Öğe Ground failures and foundation performances in Adıyaman-Gölbaşı following the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye Earthquake Sequence(Sage Publications Inc, 2025) Cetin, Kemal Onder; Moug, Diane; Soylemez, Berkan; Ayhan, Bilal Umut; Zarzour, Moutasem; Suhaily, Ahmed Al; Duman, EmreThe 6 February 2023 Kahramanmara & scedil;-T & uuml;rkiye earthquake sequence (M7.8 and M7.6) presents an exceptional opportunity to investigate both the effects of local soil conditions on damage patterns under strong shaking conditions and the performance of building foundations in areas that experienced ground failure. The significant ground failure and structural damage in Ad & imath;yaman-G & ouml;lba & scedil;& imath; triggered an intensive series of detailed reconnaissance and field surveys. This article aims to present the resulting database of observations on ground failures, building, and foundation performances. The field reconnaissance of ground failures and their effects on building performances involved aerial and walk-down surveys, including high-quality photographs taken across the town. In addition, data on building damage statistics compiled by the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization, and Climate Change were accessed and analyzed. The subsurface characteristics of the town were characterized using available data from pre-earthquake site investigation campaigns employed for town planning purposes. It is concluded that the ground failures in the town primarily resulted from soil liquefaction and cyclic softening. Most of the poor building and foundation performances and ground failures were documented in the northern part of Atat & uuml;rk Boulevard, closer to the lake of G & ouml;lba & scedil;& imath;, where soil site characteristics were unfavorable. This revealed once again the significant effects of local soil site conditions, particularly soil liquefaction, on the intensified ground failures, foundation, and structural damage levels.Öğe Performance of hydraulic structures during 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, earthquake sequence(Sage Publications Inc, 2024) Cetin, Kemal Onder; Cuceoglu, Faik; Ayhan, Bilal Umut; Yildirim, Sefa; Aydin, Seckin; Demirdogen, Sarper; Moss, Robb Eric S.The earthquake sequence that occurred on 6 February 2023 in T & uuml;rkiye, Kahramanmara & scedil;, had a significant impact on 140 dams, most of which are located within a distance of 50 km from surface projection of the fault rupture. These dams experienced moderate to high levels of seismic intensity, with peak ground acceleration (PGA) estimated to vary between 0.1 and 1.3 g during the Pazarc & imath;k earthquake and 0.15 to 0.45 g during the Elbistan earthquake, depending on their proximity to the fault rupture. Although all dams were able to maintain water-retaining capabilities, some of them suffered from moderate to large permanent deformations. As part of the emergency response measures, the water levels at two of these dams, namely Sultansuyu and Ar & imath;kl & imath;ka & scedil;, were lowered in a controlled manner. Following the earthquakes, a comprehensive survey of all hydraulic structures within the influence zone was conducted, and the findings are represented in this study. These findings revealed that earthfill and rockfill dams sustained more significant damage compared with concrete dams, particularly in areas close to the fault rupture, where the shaking intensity was most pronounced. The amount of permanent displacements was observed to consistently increase with the height of the dam's transverse section.Öğe Performance of Reyhanlı Dam during February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaras,-Türkiye earthquake sequence(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2025) Cetin, Kemal Onder; Ayhan, Bilal Umut; Yildirim, SefaThe February 6, 2023 T & uuml;rkiye-Kahramanmaras, earthquake sequence subjected Reyhanl & imath; Dam to strong nearsource ground motions. The dam is located in Hatay-Reyhanl & imath; district of T & uuml;rkiye, 23.2 km away from the fault rupture plane of the Kahramanmaras,-Pazarc & imath;k M7.8 event. The peak ground acceleration at comparable distances from the fault ruptures was estimated to vary in the range 0.1-0.4 g and 0.02-0.04 g, during Pazarc & imath;k and Ekinoz & uuml;-Elbistan events. Consistently the peak ground rock acceleration at the dam site is governed by Pazarc & imath;k event, and estimated as 0.3 g. The permanent total ground deformations, in terms of lateral and vertical displacements were mapped at the crest and reported to vary in the range of 10-30 cm, and 100-120 cm, respectively. No surface manifestation of soil liquefaction was observed at the dam body, or at its foundation soils. As part of preliminary reconnaissance assessments, limit equilibrium-based slope stability and simplified permanent deformation assessments were performed to evaluate the conformity of the predicted and observed responses. In between KM: 0+900 to 2+000 the permanent displacements consistently increase with increasing the transverse section height of the dam. Bray and Travasarou (2007) [20] semi-empirical simplified method produced the most consistent predictions for both the upstream and downstream slopes. In between KM: 6+000-8+120, large displacements were observed, higher than the values predicted by all methods, but in better conformance with the ones of Makdisi and Seed (1979) [15]. The increased permanent displacements were attributed to the presence of sand lenses in the foundation, which might have been cyclically softened, or even cyclically liquefied during the Pazarc & imath;k event.
