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    Circularity Criteria and Indicators at the Construction Material Level
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Pineda-Martos, Rocío; Askar, Rand; Karaca, Ferhat; De Simone, Marilena; Borg, Ruben Paul; Malešev, Mirjana; Bragança, Luís
    Circular economy (CE) approaches highlight the potential of construction materials to achieve circularity and sustainability in resource-efficient construction systems and industries. Implementing CE at the material level involves factors such as efficiency, durability, waste reduction through recirculation, and replacement, while encompassing criteria that define circularity in building materials. Understanding the inherent characteristics and behaviours of these materials is crucial for maximising their circularity potential. This chapter analyses key properties of traditional construction materials, such as concrete and steel, alongside novel sustainable materials like bamboo, timber, and biomaterials. It identifies and proposes methods to promote circularity at the material level. Additionally, the chapter explores the application of CE principles to both traditional and innovative construction materials. Furthermore, the chapter discusses indicators designed to assess circularity at the material level, serving as valuable tools for informing decision-making and implementation practices in the construction sector. Various types of indicators are presented, categorised as strategic, generic performance, performance, and water consumption indicators. Strategies aligned with waste hierarchy principles are outlined, emphasising the reduction of construction and demolition waste, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, conserving energy, and optimising costs and water resources. © The Author(s) 2025.
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    Perceptions on Planning for Deployment of Floating Energy Islands
    (Institute of Physics, 2025) Borg, Ruben Paul; Tsami, Maria; Borg, Michelle; Arguello, Gabriela; Tesch, Luana; Bas, Bilge
    Offshore modular energy island infrastructure presents an opportunity for the decarbonization of power systems, ensuring the provision of clean energy, and accelerating the energy transition. Modular Energy Islands (MEIs) are considered an important enabler of the energy transition. This can be achieved through rapid development and deployment of innovative technological solutions, which, however, require the appropriate supporting Regulatory Frameworks and Marine Spatial Plans. This paper reviews International and EU legislation and the assessment of Marine Spatial Planning, along with the more detailed analysis of MSPs for countries addressing artificial energy islands. This set the scene for analysing planning for deployment, as well as barriers and challenges, opportunities, and risks, through the use of structured questionnaires for primary data collection. The questionnaires present the perception of the practitioners in this field, regarding the deployment of offshore energy, including the barriers, challenges, and opportunities perceived. This sets the scene to address barriers in planning for deployment, in resolving challenges, and in exploiting opportunities. The outcome of the questionnaire and its analysis support action towards Planning, which adequately addresses and allows for the deployment of offshore renewable energy installation and floating islands. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.