The Science of Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Projections

Abstract

This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of climate change, focusing on its causes, effects, and future projections. It begins by defining climate change and its primary drivers, particularly human activities such as fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and industrialization. The paper explores key climate indicators and mechanisms, including Earth's energy balance and the greenhouse effect, which underlie the current global warming trends. It categorizes the effects of climate change into physical, ecological, and socio- economic impacts, such as rising temperatures, biodiversity loss, and increased health risks. Furthermore, it discusses both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address these challenges, emphasizing the need for urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prepare societies for unavoidable climate impacts. The manuscript concludes by highlighting the critical role of science, policy, and global cooperation in shaping a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate risks. © 2026, IGI Global Scientific Publishing. All rights reserved.