Bosson, Jennifer K.Jurek, PawelVandello, Joseph A.Kosakowska-Berezecka, NataszaOlech, MichalBesta, TomaszBender, Michael2024-07-182024-07-1820210022-02211552-5422https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022121997997https://hdl.handle.net/11411/7963Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data from university samples in 62 countries across 13 world regions (N = 33,417), we demonstrate: (1) the psychometric isomorphism of the PMB (i.e., its comparability in meaning and statistical properties across the individual and country levels); (2) the PMB's distinctness from, and associations with, ambivalent sexism and ambivalence toward men; and (3) associations of the PMB with nation-level gender equality and human development. Findings are discussed in terms of their statistical and theoretical implications for understanding widely-held beliefs about the precariousness of the male gender role.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessPsychometric İsomorphismPrecarious Manhood BeliefsAmbivalent SexismAmbivalence Toward MenDifferentiating HostileAmbivalent SexismGender EqualityCountry-LevelMenMasculinityInventoryIsomorphismPersonalityDominanceArticle2-s2.0-8510219630610.1177/00220221219979972583Q123152Q3WOS:000626198900001