MA in International Relations
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Öğe Islamophobic dicourses of Donald Trump and Marine Le Pen(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Gürses, Muhammet Necmettin; Kaya, AyhanABSTRACT: Since Marine Le Pen was elected President of the National Front in January 2011, her strategy for winning power has involved a kind of “de-demonization,” aiming to give the FN the image of a party “like the others.” This includes showing that she is neither racist nor xenophobic and wildly nor anti-Semitic. She even presents herself as the best bulwark of the Jewish community against "Islamic anti-Semitism", seeking but unsuccessfully to seduce a part of this electorate. She also targeted the Muslim voters, as evidenced by her party's campaign in Île-de-France for the regional elections when we saw some leaflets distributed bearing the words "Muslim perhaps, but French first". However, this strategy is not unanimous in the party, if judged by the numerous defections of recruits, disappointed to discover a reality a thousand miles from the speeches of the President. For instance, after several public declarations, Marine Le Pen has been accused of being responsible for promoting anti-Muslim policies and supporting the widespread of Islamophobia. Likewise, President Donald Trump's diplomacy is often presented as a "break" from that of his predecessors. Outspokenness, breaches of protocol, threats to enemies and allies alike, abusive use of Twitter... The style seems at the very least to contrast with that of Barack Obama, rich in nuances and subtleties. For the majority of Muslims, the decisions of the Trump administration mark a new era. Yet, many believe that the rhetoric used by the current tenant of the White House is mainly responsible for the recent increase in Islamophobic attacks and acts for the excellent reason that Trump has often been accused of promoting a xenophobic, even racist view. Many examples of controversial statements, starting with the criticisms addressed to Obama, whose American citizenship was questioned by his successor. Donald Trump's apparent closeness to the far right, in particular the "alt-right" (the "alternative" right), as well as a series of outrageous statements or speeches, have led many observers to link his politics to the theories of Professor Samuel Huntington, the latter being highly appreciated by ethno-nationalist movements. In the context of this study, the aim has been to understand to what extent Trump and Le Pen’s Twitter rhetoric on Islamophobia can be considered a strategy for a political end. For example, we are interested in looking at how the National Front, through its different responsible, has always defended and promoted some anti-Muslim policies.Öğe Japan's security strategy formation towards China: proactive defense posture(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Yanar, Gökhan; Kuyumcuoğlu, OzanABSTRACT: This thesis aims to illustrate the evolution of Japan's defense policies, which were devoid of post-war global security issues due to constitutional restrictions, in reaction to China's growing influence in the region. The prevalent International Relations literature is mostly in consensus that Former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is responsible for the evolution of Japan's security strategy during the previous decade. Nonetheless, there are several divergent assessments surrounding the origin of Japan's strategic direction. In this context, numerous recent studies have re-linked Japan's security strategies to keywords such as re-militarization, balancing, hedging, containment, and accommodation. This thesis examines the periods of evolution of defense policies towards Japan's security structure faced with the rise of China by analyzing regional crises and domestic political dynamics. In this context, the thesis will first investigate the Yoshida Doctrine's stance against the regional security structure, which was a cornerstone of Japan's post- war security plan. The second chapter will analyze the beginnings of Japan's engagement in international activities and the government's checkbook diplomacy. The third chapter will explore the responses to the consequences of regional tensions with China by comparing the changes in the security policies of the new Democratic Party of Japan administrations that defeated the Liberal Democratic Party government in 2009, which had nearly never been defeated since 1955. The fourth chapter discusses why and how Japan, under the new leadership of Shinzo Abe, attached a strong security concern to its perception of China. The last part of the thesis analyzes how Shinzo Abe's new National Security Strategy strengthened Japan's military capabilities, alliances with the United States, and regional alliance structure against China. Overall, the thesis explores how Liberal Democratic Party political actors, particularly Shinzo Abe, have attempted to prudently and moderately prepare Japan's internal security policies over the past few decades to provide a balancing strategy toward China.Öğe From hero to zero. Understanding democratic backsliding process in Poland after 2015(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Gucia Aksoy, Katarzyna Zdzislawa; Erçetin, TuğçeABSTRACT: In recent years, the term populism has been used repeatedly in political debates and media. Given the political situation in the European Union, we also find that far-right populism has spread in Europe. The increase in the number of representatives of right-wing populist parties in the parliaments of France, Austria, and Germany, as well as the withdrawal of Britain from the European Union under the influence of the far-right in that country, is proof of this claim. In the case of the study, Poland, the Law, and Justice Party is also known as the far-right party. The main question of our article is what crises have led to the growth of right-wing European populism? The present study first examines the trends of populism and its tendencies over the last twenty years in Europe, then investigates the similar trends and preferences in Poland in a case study. Then, by analyzing our findings using Spragens’ chaos theory, the study investigates the affecting factors of democratic backsliding in Poland and tries to predict the future of these parties in Poland. The thesis concludes that the economic crisis in the form of unemployment and recession and the social crisis in the form of illegal immigration are the two main reasons for the growing popularity of right-wing populism in Poland.Öğe Perceptual changes of neoliberal citizenship through commodification in the Turkish case(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Çeltik, Kaan; Dikici Bilgin, HasretABSTRACT: Since ancient Greece, citizenship has been a status that determines the relationship between the state and society. However, it has undergone profound changes with the construction of nation-states. On the one hand, the notion of rights and responsibilities has changed, while on the other, it preserved the practices of exclusion that are embedded within citizenship. the strengthening of neoliberalism as a rational and economic system also contributed to the transformation of citizenship. Specifically, the mushrooming of citizenship programs that allow the acquisition of citizenship status through investment or owning real estate should also be considered as an example of neoliberal citizenship. However, concentrating merely on programs that provide status through purchase would be insufficient to comprehend how neoliberalism transforms citizens into economic subjects. This gap may be filled by looking into citizenship by business programs that provide a legal status. Since citizenship status has turned into a sort of commodity amongst the ultra-rich and states, people who cannot afford it and live in a non-affluent country seek for new alternatives. Since the only method to acquire this status is entrepreneurship, neoliberalism reduces them to economic subjects. The disparities between citizens born in welfare countries and others are so enormous that they largely influence their whole standard of living. Therefore, people who were not born in an affluent country and cannot afford citizenship programs seek alternative immigration methods. The increasing economic uncertainties and social circumstances in Turkey have accelerated the migration of the educated middle-class. At this point, in order to compensate for these deficiencies of being a Turkish citizen, those who had an average amount of savings have shown an interest in the Ankara Agreement, which allows them to live and work in the UK through establishing a company. The influence of neoliberalism on citizenship perception was investigated through in-depth interviews with people who migrated to England by the agreement. The primary aim of this thesis is to provide empirical and theoretical evidence for the hypothesis that neoliberalism has transformed the perception of citizenship in the eyes of the citizens. Thus, it would be observable how neoliberalism affects the citizens' motivations and how affluent states shaped their migration policies according to the human capital.Öğe Iranian influence in Iraq 2011-2020(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Okuduci, Idiris; Özcan, Gencer[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The preservation of neutrality during world war II deterrence vs. appeasement(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Sanus, Ekin; Tuğtan, Mehmet AliABSTRACT: This study explores neutrality during World War II over the examples of Switzerland and Turkey, and the means by which small states of Europe protected and preserved their status as non-belligerents in the face of immense pressure both from friendly Great Powers that sought to draw them into the war as allied cobelligerents and from hostile Great Powers that sought to undermine their independence and sovereignty and carry out a hostile invasion. Theoretically, a small state has two options to this end: She can either deter the Great Powers through a show of force, or she can appease them through concessions. This study argues, however, that in actual fact, it is completely impossible for a small state to prevent being dragged into the war through the threat of force, that is, through deterrence. Throughout the study it will be shown that a small state’s only hope for staying out of the war is to appease the Great Powers that have taken an interest in them.Öğe Conservative habitus and migration(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Giray, Talha Cesim; Erdoğan, EmreABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on conservatism and migration phenomena in the Turkish context through Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, field, and capital. We conceptualize conservatism as the identity-based source of practices and thoughts of the current dominant social group of Turkey while we refer to the Syrian migrants’ influx to Turkey as the migration phenomenon. Syrian migrants came to Turkey thanks to the open-door policies of the conservative sovereignty, obtained some rights in 2014 and 2016, accommodated in the neighborhoods that are known as conservative social spaces, and selectively incorporated through an ethnoreligious approach. As of 2019, three events indicated a transformation in the reception policies of Syrian migrants. Firstly, conservative social groups started to associate the Syrian migration phenomenon with the deteriorated economic situation, and this resulted in the Turkish governments’ loss of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Following this, the Interior Ministry banned the entry of Syrian migrants to İstanbul while started to send away those who already resided in the city. Secondly, the repatriation discourse of Syrian migrants was embraced by the conservative social groups during and after the Turkish Armed Forces’ third operation to northern Syria in 2019. Lastly, following the Idlib crisis in 2020, Turkish government opened the western borders of the country for migrants to move to Europe which, again, was embraced by the conservative social groups. These incidents made us scrutinize the reasons for the embracement of conservatives to evacuation strategies of Syrian migrants considering their relatively welcoming attitudes towards them. Hence, we asked how this transformation in reception policies impacted the relations of conservative social groups and Syrian migrants and why conservatives failed to incorporate Syrian migrants who reside in their social spaces. We focused on the Fatih district of İstanbul to gather empirical data with a qualitative field study design and came up with four intertwined reasons of exclusion. One reason is the density of Syrian migrants and the fallouts of this situation which made migrants an important social force in terms of obtaining enough social capital to compete with inhabitants’ networks. The second reason is the protracted stay of migrants in the conservative social space which made migrants become settled populations which resulted in contestation among social groups in their practices of daily life. A further reason is the deterioration of the unifying impact of the ethnoreligious bridges between social groups which were replaced with the construction of symbolic capital that made to emphasize the differences. The final reason is the macro transformation in political sphere that has started to engage with Syria-related issues through the security lenses which provided a top-down legitimization to the exclusion attempts in the social space. This study is an attempt to contribute to the works of literature on conservatism and migration in the context of Turkey. The dynamics of conflict and competition among the migrants and inhabitants of the conservative social space is an emerging issue. Hence, this study focuses on that aspect of conservative social space that stayed under the shadow of cultural intimacy-based analyses up to now.Öğe Turkish Airlines' in-flight magazine Skylife as a tool of soft power in Turkish foreign policy(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Yücel, Şehnaz Didem; Tuğtan, Mehmet AliABSTRACT: This thesis aims to show the instrumentalization of Turkish Airlines’ in-flight magazine as a soft power element in the Turkish foreign policy. As the historical overlook on the company and its magazine shows, there has always been a parallelism with the aspirations of Ankara and the content of the flag carrier’s magazine. However, since the arrival of AKP into power, Turkish Airlines has been transformed into a global scale carrier with the conscious efforts of the government in accordance with its foreign policy, and accordingly the role of Skylife as a soft power has gained importance in the promotion of Turkey. It is discussed that the content of the magazine is largely guided by the political inclinations of the government. The thesis analyses the magazine with an emphasis on the second decade of the 2000s, a period when the soft power policies of the AKP government came to the fore. Analyses of the statements of the Turkish Airlines executives in the welcome letters, in corporate news and political articles serve as the main indicators the magazine’s role as a soft power. The travel writings covered in the magazine follow the flight routes of the airline which in turn is driven by the foreign openings of the government and Istanbul has been promoted as a hub. It has also been suggested through a detailed analysis of numerous examples taken from the issues that the magazine seems to have adopted an image of a neo-Ottoman Muslim Turkish identity emphasizing Islamic values and glorifying the Ottoman past in accordance with the tendencies of the AKP government.Öğe The economic integration of refugees: the case study of vocational education and training programmes in Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Yıldırım, Liudmyla; Göksel, Gülay UğurABSTRACT: Economic integration of the Syrian refugees failed despite all financial and human resources contributed to their professional education. The reasons for that are related to the poor human capital they have and the governmental irrational policy demotivating refugees to be legally employed. Simultaneously, the international organizations and governments co-operating with the NGOs do not make enough monitoring and advocacy over the amount of actually officially employed refugees who completed vocational education and training. The complication of VET programmes and projects are caused by often conservative Syrian societal approach when women are not encouraged to work. As a result, there is high percentage of underutilized and/or unemployable labour force, which in better case return to informal employment. The task of the paper is not only to identify and explain the main reasons why this is happening, but also to offer certain basic solutions that could pay attention of the local NGOs to advocate.Öğe Idea of "federation" in Russian politics and its present implications(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Karahan, Abdurrahman Ali; Özcan, GencerABSTRACT: The trigger of this thesis, which will be presented to the attention of the reader after herein, is the Russian intervention in Syria and the ‘decentralized territorial integrity’ model alleged to be put forward by her afterwards. This situation has created scientific doubt as to whether this model is an ad hoc practice or a commonly propounded proposition in Russian foreign policy. This study is designed to fully understand this and at this point, the federal structure of Russia, which is seen as the usual suspect, is considered as an independent variable. Thus, it was tried to be understood whether the source of the ‘decentralized’ or ‘federalized’ territorial integrity proposal allegedly put forward by Russia in Syria could be the federation model implemented in her own country. At this point, Russia’s unique federation has been examined in depth and it has been understood that Russia’s understanding of territorial integrity is interwoven with its own specific federative structure. In other words, it has been determined that the concepts of ‘asymmetric and matryoshka-like federation’ and ‘territorial integrity’ have almost the same meaning for Russia. Based on this, the question of “does the idea of federation in Russian politics has implications on the solution proposals put forward by Russia in international crises?” was determined as a main research question. Subsequently, it has been proceeded with the hypothesis that this model is a solution proposal frequently offered by Russia and that Russia’s experience of the federation has reflections in the solution proposals suggested by Moscow at the point of solving international crises. Ultimately, it was deemed appropriate to conduct a case study to test this hypothesis, and the Bosnian, Kosovo and Georgia crises, which were the most striking cases of the last quarter century, were considered as cases. The results, at least specific to these cases, does not falsify the hypothesis and indicated that there is a significant relationship between Russia’s federal structure and her solution proposals in the crises in international relations.Öğe Minority press: The case of Greek-Orthodox minority of Istanbul and the Greek-Turkish relations, 1950-1955(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2009) Taschounidou, Eleni; Özkırımlı, UmutABSTRACT: This thesis is based on a personal research on minority newspapers circulating in Istanbul during the years 1950-1955, which are gathered on the archives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Istanbul. Using one of the newspapers, Apogevmatini, as our main source of information, we examine the Greek-Turkish Relations and the attitudes of the Greek-Orthodox minority. Starting point of the research is year 1950 as this year can be seen as the start of the multiparty period which, in turn allowed for more freedom in expression and our finishing point is the 6/7 September 1955 events, as they signalled a tremendous change in the minority life. First we take a closer look at the events of 1955 and also to the political environment in Turkey and Greece at the time. Then we evaluate the 6/7 September events from the point of view of ethno-national riots. In light of these, we proceed to examine the press and newspapers in Turkey and then we study the particular characteristics of Apogevmatini. Finally looking through articles from the period in question we make some observations about the minority, its self-determination, its congruence and its identity.Öğe The analysis of political economy of olive oil in a peasant society; Sakarkaya, a village sample from southern Aegean region(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Atıcı, Resul; Erdoğan, EmreABSTRACT: This thesis aims to investigate the political economy of olive oil in a peasant society in the village of Sakarkaya, located in the Southern Aegean region. The role of olive oil cultivation has been evaluated according the concepts of family economy and peasant ecotype. The concept of family economy or peasant economy has been suggested by Chayanov, claiming that peasant economy does not lean on hired labour like it happens in capitalistic enterprises. The family members work on the family farm and there are neither wages nor net profits. Peasant ecotype is to refer the ways of transferring energy to human from the environment in other words it means ecological adaptation of peasantry. This research aims to analyse the role of olive oil cultivation in peasants’ life by conducting ethnographic field study in Sakarkaya. The data was gathered through in-depth interviews, journals and personal experiences of the researcher as a local. The village is narrated from various perspectives, including its history, geography, politics, economy, social and cultural life. The analyses are made according the views of participants on the village life and their economic activities, especially focusing olive cultivation. Apart from these analyses, the role of researcher as a local is also evaluated according to concepts of reflexivity and self-reflexivity.Öğe The belt and road initiative project: limits and prospects for the Chinese hegemonic capacity(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Erverdi, Kerem; Boyraz, CemilABSTRACT: Since its announcement in 2013, Chinese Belt and Road Initiative has been criticized as being more than an infrastructure investment and development move and evaluated as a hegemony project. Often compared with the Marshall Plan of the US, post-World War II strategy leading to U.S. hegemony, Belt and Road Initiative is supporting China’s rise as a global power and it should be considered as the tool of China for an alternative hegemonic order. Study assesses the Belt and Road Initiative and institutions of it, Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), in terms of their prospects and limits in establishing Chinese hegemony. From a Neo-Gramscian perspective, China proposes an ideologic and institutional alternative to the US hegemony. China structures its alternative social formation and ideology around a ‘harmonious community’ and ‘economic development’ discourse. Ideational structure of Chinese hegemony leads to an authoritarian state at domestic level and to a non-interventionist approach at global level with great emphasis on economic performance. AIIB establishes the necessary international cooperation structure for regional integration of underdeveloped Asian countries under the hegemony of China. Although China does not propose an alternative production method or an economic structure, its embracement of noninterventionism allows for states, deemed risky for investing in by existing structure, to be integrated into the system. Biggest objection for Chinese appears to be the US. However, utilization of de-globalization-oriented policies by Trump administration to counter China only cause tension among the actors of established global order, and support China's leadership and hegemony claims.Öğe The directorate of religious affairs as a political instrument in Turkish politics: 1980 – 2016(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Çam, Elif; Turan, ÖmerABSTRACT: The initial aim of the Turkish modernizers to establish the DRA was to take religion under state control and render religion compatible with state ideology charging the institution with an official role in propagation and protection of the latter, as well. Since its establishment on March 3, 1924, the DRA has mostly fulfilled its obligations throughout different governments and tried to avoid potential controversies either by refraining from hot topics that are likely to result in confrontation with the state or by making declarations that are instrumental in protecting state ideology. State-religion relations have undergone new momentums after 1980 coup d’état and the AKP period, in particular, and the DRA has assumed a more marked role. The DRA, as an ideological apparatus of the state, has been at the center of ongoing discussions due to its de jure monopoly on defining, regulating, producing and representing official Islam. Thus, the current thesis aims to show that DRA functioned as political instrument to legitimize Turkish state policies and reinforce its ideology between September 12, 1980 and July 15, 2016 coup d’états. To clarify the argument stated above, the discourse, function, role, empowerment and restriction of the DRA within the context of Turkish politics between 1980 and 2016 are analyzed.Öğe Climate change and the Arab uprisings(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Demir, Sevim; Özcan, GencerABSTRACT: The Arab uprising is generally perceived as the revolutionary movements against authoritarian regimes in the Arab region. Therefore, the triggering factors to the social unrests have been determined in the political-economical, and sociological aspects of society. This thesis aims to provide a link between climate change and social unrest in the Arab world. The research mainly focuses on the Arab uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Syria, and Libya and addresses the underlying factors to the outbreak of social protests. Therefore, it involves an analysis of the general impacts of climate change across the world together with international and regional cooperation. As a consequence of the study, the main purpose is to provide a comprehensive approach to climate change and conflict interaction. In this regard, the paper reveals the interaction between environmental and socio-political factors for further understanding of how mass protests have begun in the Arab region and what was the underlying reasons. The case studies show that political and sociological discontent could turn into mass protests when exacerbating factors appear in society. In the end, it is vital to say that the study does not claim that climate change could lead to social unrest; rather it claims that climate change exacerbates current political and economic conditions that could translate into mass social protests.Öğe Post-defeat indeterminacy for ISIS residuals(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Kibar, Ragıba Meriç; Tuğtan, Mehmet AliABSTRACT: This thesis explores to what extent the problem of residuals (remaining ISIS affiliated people and its ideology) has been taken into account after the collapse of ISIS, at the international and national level by NATO, EU, UN and US. In the first chapter, the history, evolution and ideology of ISIS will be discussed. In the second chapter, ISIS people including returning foreign terrorist fighters, remaining ISIS-affiliated people in the post-territorial defeat of ISIS and the conditions of camps and prisons in north-east Syria will be discussed. The third chapter will analyse the efforts and approaches of NATO, EU, UN and US against the threat of ISIS resurrection and the current situation from their perspective will be discussed. The conclusion will examine the effectiveness of post-defeat strategies & policies adopted by EU, NATO, UN and US. Although the definition of “foreign terrorist fighters” is attributed to people who are not born in Syria and Iraq. This thesis does not aim to study all “the foreigners” and puts the focal point on the ones of European origin.Öğe Influence of foreign policy in Turkey's role as a transit gas hub country in eastern mediterranean natural gas bonanza(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Akman, Yasemin; Tuğtan, Mehmet AliABSTRACT: Widely known as the Ibn Khaldun says that geography is destiny, in our modern world, I believe that geography of a country would only be a denominator, yet the foreign policy absolutely is the numerator of the equation. Moreover, I believe that the geography of a country gains meaning with the power of its foreign policy. To that end, this paper aims to research the influence of the foreign policy of Turkey for its aim on being an energy hub, in more micro view, for to be a transit natural gas hub. As an energy import dependent country, Turkey is predominantly shaping its foreign policy according to her energy policies. On the other hand, Turkey's strategic position in the world, from geopolitical perspective, have induced Turkey to experience versatile foreign policy. The first chapter of this paper gives brief information for the subject. The second chapter includes the basic definitions and findings of the Eastern Mediterranean natural gas deposit. The second chapter also includes my research question and the methodology of this thesis. The methodology is based on the literature review. The third chapter is about the foreign policy of Turkey from 2010 to 2018 towards the countries concerned and key findings of the foreign policies. Conclusion includes the outcomes and responds the research question.Öğe The value of post-truth in post-politics: the case of climate change(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Aslan, Onur; Erdoğan, EmreABSTRACT: This study focused on the political value of the concept of post-truth, which was entitled as the word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries in 2016. In this study, considering the developing technology, economic relations in constant transformation and the reinterpretation of sociological paradigms in the second quarter of the 21st century, the political is defined as post-politics, which is frequently used by Mouffe, Ranciere and Zizek,. By creating a point of criticism for the works written about the concept of post-truth, in the shadow of post-politics, it was claimed that instead of referring to the discussions on the truth of the pre-modern or modern era, the concept should be understood by considering the current political, sociological, and psychoanalytic contexts. The ideas of Slavoj Zizek constitute the ideological background of this study, both to take into account the spatio-temporal precision and to discuss the effects of these three premises on the concept of post-truth. In this regard, it has argued that the concept of post-truth is not the insignificance of truth or the lies of individuals, institutions or political actors, but it is the production of discourses that would not harm the kernel of the dominant paradigm and that would protect its status quo, by individuals who are manipulated in the post-political sphere. In order to reveal how the post-truth concept is nested at the level of discourse, the climate change debate has been scrutinized. By conducting in-depth interviews, it is aimed to reach the opinions that individuals have developed on climate change in various ways such as news networks, social media, and environmental factors. To evaluate the position of these thoughts between post-truth and post-political tension, the theoretical discussion on the concept of post-truth is evaluated and questioned on the example of climate change by using the critical discourse analysis.Öğe Intersectionality of violence against women: discrimination and gender-based violence against Syrians in Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Al Zayani, Roqaya; Dikici Bilgin, HasretABSTRACT: By giving an extensive literature review and presenting central conceptualization of definitions of violence against women and gender-based violence, this research develops a pragmatic call for critical analysis of violence in relation to gender, sexual orientation, forced migration, and displacement. Gender, intersectionality, and gender-based violence have been explored in this research to describe the processes, norms and structural factors that define the subject and livelihood of Syrian migrants in Turkey. When it comes to violence against women, it is initially presumed as a direct physical act against a person, however, violence is more than direct physical violence, it is subtle, normalized, a component of everyday life, legal, symbolic, and banal. The thesis adopts intersectionality as a framework to analyze the different manifestations of violence at the societal, governmental, and interpersonal levels. As well as to investigate the multifaceted types of violence and discrimination that target Syrian women and LGBTI+ in Turkey.Öğe Refugee resettlement as a biopolitical selection policy: the role of refugee biodata for resettlement from Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Mutlu, Ezgi; Cemgil, CanABSTRACT: This thesis analyzes the refugee resettlement instrument which allows certain refugees to leave their country of asylum legally and start to dwell in Western industrialized receiving countries which grant them permanent residence status. Refugee resettlement is described as one of the durable solutions of the international refugee protection system which prioritizes the lives of the most vulnerable in liberal humanitarian migration government discourse. On the other hand, the selection criteria of the resettlement countries on the grounds of deservingness and integration have raised questions on the humanitarian aspect of this policy from the sides of refugees and the authorities of the first asylum countries. Building on the refugee resettlement as a way to implement biopower argument, the inclusion and exclusion of the refugees into the resettlement is analyzed by conducting secondary source analysis in this thesis. Following the ideas of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben, it is asserted that, the biodata and self-revelation of an individual determine the inclusion or exclusion as a refugee by assessing their capacity to improve economic, emotional and biological well-being or welfare of the host country. By analyzing the resettlement patterns from Turkey as one of the main first country of asylum, it is argued that refugees tend to manipulate their biodata in order to be included into resettlement mechanism. Also, it is revealed that Turkey as a first country of asylum subjugates the resettled refugees in relation with their biodata by establishing a state of exception.
