MA in Media and Communication Systems
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Öğe The influencer career path: characteristics, prospects, and challenges(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Göçer, Sıla; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: This thesis examines the social media influencer career path from the anthropology of work perspective, revealing its characteristics as well as its prospects and problems. This study aims to investigate “What do influencers think and feel about their job? Is being an influencer as attractive a career path as it seems? How do influencers work? What difficulties do influencers encounter? How do they handle the challenges of being public people, marketers, and content producers?” The research questions are analyzed by conducting semi-structured interviews with 10 social media influencers. The study shows that being an influencer includes inspiring and influencing people on social media while being aware of responsibilities and potential consequences. Three work models including, independent, team-based, and agency-based are found with their advantages and drawbacks The findings show that the influencer industry requires constant platform adaptation, keeping up with trends, and content management to reach a greater audience. Social media influencers must prioritize moral issues, openness, and credibility The importance of understanding the influencer economy, which has economic, competitive, ethical, and strategic components, is also underlined in the study. The findings suggest that effective communication and managing follower expectations are the keys to success while influencers need to prioritize their well-being because time management and finding a work-life balance can be difficult. Participants reported that productivity and motivation are impacted by the place of work, including worries about cultural norms and work undervaluation. Besides, negative comments and cyberbullying have an impact on the participants' mental health and require resiliency. This study, which improves comprehension of the influencer profession from the anthropology of work perspective, offers important insights to academics, professionals, and prospective social media influencers. To address the changing dynamics of the influencer industry, more study is advised.Öğe Ethics of smart cities: perceptions of technical stakeholders in Pakistan(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Ahsan, Rabab; Yüksekdağ, YusufABSTRACT: As the world has raced ahead and developed into a collection of wired cities and connected on the grid communities, we have also become effaced with challenges of urban sprawl, gentrification, pollution and climate change (Halegoua, 2020). Big tech companies as well as multiple governments around the globe are putting forth smart city technologies as a possible solution to our emerging problems, citing the power of modern technologies when data-driven systems as a solution to complex urban issues (Cocchia, 2014). At the same time science and technology research is destabilizing the assumption that technology is value neutral instead scholars posit the technological artifacts are imbued with consequences norms as well as values which can encourage certain behaviors while discouraging others (Costanza-Chock, 2020; Winner, 1980). Furthermore, the black box nature of AI systems further motivates the need to study the “less-tangible” aspects of algorithms and algorithmic thinking (Young & Kitchin, 2020, p. 3). This research undertakes the study of these ‘less-tangible’ aspects of technological artifacts and their creation and investigates how they manifest in the context of Smart City projects in Pakistan. In order to achieve this goal this research focuses on technical stakeholders which may be critically positioned to shed light upon what ethical considerations, deliberations, and concerns surface in the act of technological creation in the country. In so doing this research hopes to add to a conversation that has so far been restricted to western economies and allow the deconstruction of how data harms manifest and low-to-middle income countries. By conducting 12 semi structured participant interviews this research was able to show that while technical stakeholders are unsure of the local implementations of smart city projects the same cannot be said for datafication processes, perceptions of which, were largely positive. It also shows that trust in government-led initiatives is low in comparison to corporate initiatives, due to historical political instabilities. Although participants displayed some understanding of common ethical concerns their knowledge of how these issues can affect local communities was sparse at best, and inclination towards security at the cost of privacy also reared its head in the data. These insights show that local contexts severely impact how ethical choices are made and highlight the importance of including local stakeholders in applications of smart technology. In conclusion this research underscores the importance of mapping data ethics in previously understudied parts of the world so that a fuller picture of what ethics of smart cities means on a global scale can be constructed.Öğe Egyptian cinema’s male gaze on Lebanese women artists(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Eljatib, Nour Kotria; Haydari Pakkan, NazanABSTRACT: This study argues that popular Egyptian cinema reconstructs and normalizes violence against women and uses foreign women to increase the impact of comedy in this process using a specific pattern. It does so mainly through misrepresenting said foreign women or, as a matter of fact, representing them in a particular manner. "Foreign" here is not in its literal meaning, given that the first idea that comes to mind when we say foreign is western. Whereas here, it is meant to indicate non-Egyptian women of Arab nationalities, specifically those of Lebanese origin. The research questions aim to pinpoint the pattern, showcase its existence, and discuss its societal background in addition to a few study cases in detail using Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze theory as feminist critical analysis method. The study focuses on the years 2000 till 2020 as it correlates with the emergence of videoclips into the Arab World leading to the popularity of Lebanese videoclip singers, especially those who had a career shift into acting in Egypt during the mentioned timeframe in the study.Öğe Representation of women in the relationship between identity construction and cultural production in Kurdish cinema(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2023) Elaltunterin, Sibel; Özçetin, BurakABSTRACT: This thesis analyzes the construction of the identities of women's representations and the formation of cultural production in the films of Kurdish directors living in different geographies made in the 2000s. The thesis centers on the approach toward Kurdish national identity and cultural formation. The thesis argues that the concept of national identity that led to the formation and construction of Kurdish cinema was the transformation that led to the establishment of the construction of representations of women. To outline this transformation, the thesis analyzes the concepts of representation, national identity, ethnic identity, and culture formation. The thesis focuses on the debates on the definitions and construction of Kurdish cinema. It shows that the national identity discourses in these debates are also influential in constructing women's identities. The study proposes considering the representations of Kurdish women and the concepts of national identity, identity construction, and cultural production.Öğe Representation of women in video games(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Tulegabylova, Saltanat; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: This study aims to find out how the stereotypical image of women in video games influences the self-esteem level of video game players. The study used a quantitative causal research method that helped identify the variables' cause and effect relationship. This research intends to draw attention to the impact of stereotypical images on the self-esteem level of players. In addition, it analyzed whether male and female players are aware of a stereotypical image of women in video games. It is essential to note that most of the previous research on this issue is focused on the western population. Focus on the Kyrgyz video game players population makes this research unique and valuableÖğe The use of automated journalism in the Turkish media: an observation of its present and future.(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Azimli, Sena Özkurt; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: This paper aimed to question if there were current automated journalism techniques in Turkish media and whether the journalists were in support of new technologies. With a focus on interviews with professionals who have worked in several areas of the media companies in Turkey, the paper concluded that automated journalism is uncommon in Turkey. Most journalists have limited knowledge of the subject and/or pessimism about using such technology. The journalists also criticized certain practices in the Turkish media and the problems such as unemployment, political pressures, lack of funding, and despair towards the profession's future. This paper is notable due to its concentration on Turkish professionals in traditional or internet journalism and content creation. It also did not distinguish among the journalists according to their ranks, titles, and/or status. Still, to fully comprehend the opinions of the journalists and the practices of automated journalism techniques, an on-site observation and interview process is also needed. The paper also concludes that, based on international studies, there is a need for reskilling and upskilling for many industries, including journalism, to prevent mass unemployment and adapt to new jobs created due to automation which may lead the path for productivity and competition in Turkey and worldwide.Öğe What to watch now: culture, personality and genre choices in netflix(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Yazıcı, Beyza; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: The previous studies about genre preferences show that there are some relationships between personality traits and cultural dimension with genre preferences. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate those relationships in the frame of Netflix genres with utilizing from cultural orientation theory of Sharma (2010) and personality traits theory of McCrae & Costa (1995). Furthermore, this study aims to investigate users’ attitudes towards Netflix algorithms, recommendation system and binge-watching with trying to explore their possible connections with culture and personality. To achieve the aims of this study, a survey has conducted with 119 participants of Netflix users. The data have been analyzed with ordinal logistic regression in SPSS V.23. The research results showed that personality and culture together have significant impacts on preference for 18 of 19 Netflix genres. In addition, analysis showed that personality traits and cultural dimensions also influence the use of Netflix recommendation system and frequency of binge-watching.Öğe Representation of Russian women in Turkish press(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2022) Dim, Kardem; Yücel, AlevABSTRACT: The research topic is “representation of Russian women in Turkish press” and how different representations of Russian women are related to one another in terms of integration. The question of the research is how the Russian women immigrants in Turkey are represented by the Turkish press. Since the beginning of 1990s, Russian women immigrants have come to work in Turkey and many of them live permanently in Turkey. Therefore, some stereotypes and prejudices about Russian women have been created in the course of time. The primary stereotype about Russian women is “Natasha” stereotype which is a slang and a vulgar word used to describe a woman who is involved in prostitution and who comes from Post-Soviet countries, especially from Russia and Ukraine. It is unfair to label every Russian woman as “Natasha” since it is a stereotype created against Russian women. On the other hand, there are many Russian migrant women in Turkey whom are married to Turkish men and the word “Russian bride” became a popular phrase since marriages between Russian women and Turkish men have become prevalent. Because of this, how Russian women are represented in the media is a significant question, since their representation may have a hindering or supporting influence on integration. Throughout the study, theories from several scholarly articles will be compared and discussed in order to provide a clear understanding of how representation of migrants and foreigners in the press affects integration. In this study, how Russian women are represented in Turkish press and how their representations have a hindering or supporting influence on integration will be revealed and elaborated by analysing five Turkish newspapers (online) which are Evrensel, Sözcü, Hürriyet, Sabah, and Yeni Akit. The scholarly articles’ theories about integration and media representation of immigrants will be revealed. In addition to these, marriages among Russian women and Turkish men will be discussed and analyzed in the context of “cross-cultural marriages,” “adaptation to a different culture” and “being a Russian bride in Turkey.” In the end of the study, there will be a conclusion which summarizes the overall topic, including the research question and by considering the qualitative analysis of five Turkish newspapers (which are Evrensel, Sözcü, Hürriyet, Sabah and Yeni Akit), a clear result for the research will be drawn. Keywords will be mentioned in the study.Öğe After the end: reproduction and subversion of gender stereotypes in post-apocalyptic narratives(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Pekserbes, Fulya; Diken, Ebru Çiğdem ThwaitesABSTRACT: Within thelasttwodecades,somepost-apocalypticnarrativeswithprogressivegender rhetoric and strong, rebellious heroines have been adapted to screen. These critically acclaimed feministpost-apocalypticnarrativesmanagedtoleadchangewithinagenre that are commonly acclaimed to be white, cisgender, male-dominated. Through their storylines that center around the struggle for social and environmental justice in the face of patriarchy, oppression, and capitalism; and their heroines who lead the fight with not only strength and determination but also with care and compassion, these narratives succeeded to challenge the status quo, binary oppositions and value hierarchies. While seeing these representations of independent, strong and compassionate women who rebel against the patriarchal order within a genre that is commonly acclaimed to be dominated by men is extremely empowering, these narratives reproduce some gender essentialist, reductionist views of radical and cultural feminism such as women being nicer, kinder and more moralthanmen.This research suggests that within these narratives, while some aspects of this patriarchal gender norms are reimagined and reconstructed, some other deeply-seated ones remain unchallenged and taken for granted. In order to analyze this argument, this research will look into the waysthatgenderessentialistdiscoursehavebleedintotwo of the critically acclaimed feminist narratives of the last decade; The Hunger Games and Mad Max: Fury Road and try to unravel hidden essentialism thatmaybelurking within empowerment.Öğe The use of big data and algorithms on digital advertising(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) De San Martin, Gülşah Zamorano; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: With the impact of digital transformation, big data and algorithms have had a significant impact on digital advertising. Rather than the visual or content richness of advertisements, this transition means organizations refining their business strategy, getting to know their clients better, and delivering relevant goods and services. In digital advertising, Turkey's advertising corporations gain from big data and algorithms. The role of big data and algorithms in digital advertising was attempted to be established in this qualitative research study, which involved 23 (16 male, 7 female) persons from relevant firms. The participants were provided with the semi-structured interview form prepared in this regard, and their thoughts on the usage of big data and algorithms were gathered. The themes were revealed when the data obtained for the study was examined using the content analysis approach in the Nvivo 12 program. Big data and algorithms are of great importance in digital advertising in this context; advertising companies should benefit from big data, based on the fact that almost everyone in the world provides data to big data, and the usefulness of big data and algorithms in ensuring correct product pricing are the situations stated by the participants. Participants explained their reasons for using big data and algorithms, the increase and change in customer demands (86.96 %), to be a pioneer in the competitive environment (78.26 %), evaluation of new market opportunities (73.91 %), development of new They are listed as goods and services (65.22%), current event and changes in the world (56.52%), and increase in stakeholder value (30.43%). Participants pointed out that personalization and accurate targeting (47.8%) for the advantages of big data and algorithms, direct access of advertisements to the targeted customer and contributing to the reduction of advertising expenditures (43.5%) are priority. Furthermore, the participants stated that the potential of big data and algorithms to access all consumer information violates ethical limits, which they believe is a negative. As a result, big data and algorithms are becoming increasingly important in the evolution of digital advertising in Turkey, and businesses are increasingly relying on them to stay competitive.Öğe Transforming television: new audience measurement systems(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Bayhan, Aylin; Dağsalgüler, AylinABSTRACT: Since the years when the television screen was accepted as the primary communication medium of society, the people in the screen as well as those in front of it were spoken. As academic studies aimed at understanding and analyzing the society focused on how and to what extent the messages on the screen affected the audience, they started to ask who this audience really was. Thus, an anonymous audience group was objectified. Finding out who the audience really is has been a matter of curiosity for communicators as well as sociologists. In this study, the past and present of the audience measurements that started with private television (commercial) broadcasting will be investigated and information will be given about the steps taken regarding the future. The role of television in the consumer society in the transition of the curiosity to know the audience from sociologists to advertisers and the transformation of the audience into 'rating' will be examined in depth. In this study, studies on measurement methods of different medium transforming from television to "screen" will be examined.Öğe The effect of Spotify playlists on the music consumption habits of music consumers(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Büyüksağnak, Mert; Furman, Ivo OzanABSTRACT: For music listeners, Spotify can be a platform that can be shaped to fit their personal needs. Digitalization and the advent of digital streaming platforms has created new opportunities for discovering new music. As a platform, Spotify relies heavily on the affordances of algorithmic recommendation systems to promote musical discovery. These systems are featured primarily on either Spotify or user generated playlists. Using a qualitative method based on the active interview technique; this study investigates the relationship between Spotify playlists, music consumers and musical discovery. More specifically, it investigates how Spotify playlists affect music listening habits of music consumers. Results show that Spotify’s algorithmic and algotorial playlists have a negative effect on users’ habits. Most respondents have said that there can be irrelevant and unexpected songs or songs that they wouldn’t listen to on Spotify’s playlists. Sometimes, they also cannot be in the mood to listen to Spotify’s algorithmic and algotorial playlists, mostly because of the high chance of irrelevant or unexpected songs that they can stumble upon which affects their habits of discovering songs through Spotify’s playlists negatively. Because of this, personal playlists have a huge advantage compared to Spotify’s playlists because even though they are shaped through the content of Spotify’s playlists, personalization of that content is much more important to users as they can completely avoid irrelevant and unexpected songs.Öğe The perspectives of the advertising professionals about the gender construction and femvertising in the digital advertising industry of Turkey(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Aydın, Felek Naz; Pakkan, Nazan HaydariABSTRACT: The advertising industry, which is a part of the cultural production system, has been in our lives since the establishment of the printing press. The developments experienced with digitalization have played a major role in changing the structure of the advertising industry. It has often been observed that gender roles and the power structure has also changed in advertising agencies where the men population has been dominant since its initial years of emergence. The increase in the Femvertising campaigns (women-oriented advertising), which stand against the gender inequality of women in advertising, have also rapidly increased in parallel to the digitalization in advertisements. This study addresses the changes in the gender construction in the advertising industry of Turkey in transition from traditional to digital advertising from the perspectives of the professionals working in the field. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with nine advertising professionals it has been argued that male dominancy in the organizational structure has been challenged and the Femvertising has become one of the common practices of advertising.Öğe Gender diversity, discrimination, and bias in AI(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Kılıç, Büşra; Saka, ErkanABSTRACT: In this study, I analyze the gender distribution, diversity, discrimination, and bias in AI in Turkey focusing on the workplace dynamics and algorithmic systems from the perspectives of AI developers. I aim to demonstrate “How do the AI developers in Turkey perceive gender diversity, gender discrimination, and the gender bias in AI teams and algorithms? How is the current gender distribution in the AI workforce in Turkey? Why and from which reasons the gender biases occur in AI systems according to developers’ perspectives?” I analyze my research questions by using two different methods to gain a broader perspective on gender diversity, discrimination, and bias. I conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 Turkey-based AI developers as the main method of the research to understand their perceptions on the issue. I also select quantitative data collection as a complementary method to support the research. I collect the employee data of AI startups in Turkey through LinkedIn and student data in Computer Science related departments to examine gender distribution and diversity by statistical numbers. The study shows that the rate of women in AI with technical occupations is around 9% at the AI startups in Turkey. The participants of the study, AI developers, are aware of the lack of women in the field and state their concerns about gender-related issues in society. However, they perceive that there is no common ground to discuss gender and AI together. They have a tendency to divide the technical and societal from each other in which the AI systems and algorithms belong to the “technical” world which cannot contain any kind of bias and discrimination. Therefore, according to them, gender belongs to the social world in where the societal problems about it should be solved within the culture, families, people, and society. While the perspectives of developers differentiate in some topics, it is seen that there is a consensus in some of them. In this study, I try to draw a comprehensive framework on gender diversity, discrimination, and bias in AI in Turkey looking for the perspectives of AI developers who are the everyday creators and developers of these systems. So, I aim to contribute to the literature by featuring the perspectives of developers in the first place, bringing together the workplace gender diversity, discrimination, and bias with algorithmic bias as an interpenetrating problem and presenting a framework about gender and AI from Turkey.Öğe A discursive analysis of the directorate of communications’ media contents(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Özer, Asya; Özçetin, BurakABSTRACT: In this study, it is investigated how official authority reinterprets and reconstructs history, and how these reconstructions contribute to the formation of political and ideological boundaries. The study focuses on why the Directorate of Communications rewrite the history in the context of current politics and interests by providing an in-depth analysis of the structure, communication, and propaganda activities of the Directorate of Communications. Using critical discourse analysis, the study examines historical video contents of Directorate of Communications: “Red Apple Anthem”, “Blue Homeland Anthem”, and “Sarıkamış Anthem”. The video contents are analyzed through the perspective of neo-Ottomanism and memory studies, with a focus on the construction of a new collective memory and identity as a counter to the Kemalist regime’s institutions, values, and symbols. Consequently, the study demonstrates that the Ottoman nostalgia has established a new collective memory and the Directorate of Communications uses the neoOttomanist narrative for propaganda purposes.Öğe Fake news literacy of social media user parents(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Sezer, Gülşah; Ercan Bilgiç, EsraABSTRACT: After the Internet transitioned to web 2.0 technologies, Internet usage increased worldwide, and this alteration has changed the direction of communication. In the past, users who were "only readers" started to become active readers and participants and commented on social media content with the renewed social media tools after developing technologies. Simultaneously, with the development of software technologies and mobile phones, every social media user and individual who carries the phone has become a potential news producer. The fact that it has a structure that can reach such a large audience brings along fake news. This study's starting point is based on a changing culture of receiving the news and how parents handle these changes to protect their children. Hence in this thesis, the emergence of the fake news concept and its importance, especially for parents are examined. With the qualitative research method, parents’ knowledge about fake news was investigated, and questions were asked on Survey Monkey to the parents. The study shows that parents are generally familiar with the concept of fake news, but they have difficulty in distinguishing this news from the real news.Öğe Facilitating online education during the covid-19 pandemic: challenges and opportunities(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2021) Kaptanoğlu, Barbaros; Furman, Ivo OzanABSTRACT: Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the transition to "distance learning” during the isolation period, has had various negative impacts on both educators and students alike. In this process, the inability to adapt physical education methods to distance education, and the inability to prepare new learning processes for distance education, has led to pressure and tension being exerted on the learning experience; this rings especially true for students. This study has aimed to examine the roles of facilitators and instructors in designing efficient and sustainable systems as well as experiences, for distance education, and to suggest important competencies that can be used in digital experiences. The event series named “Facilitation Meetups”, organized by ATÖLYE, has been selected as a case study; its intention and process design have been considered throughout. ATÖLYE is a community-powered creative services organization that places an Academy and a Strategic Design Studio within a vibrant Creative Hub, defining itself as “a 21st century creative services organization that believes in the power of facilitation.” For the sake of this article, I will focus on primarily ATÖLYE Academy, which I am a part of. ATÖLYE Academy offers learning programs that equip individuals and teams with skills in creative leadership, radical collaboration and systemic design. In-depth interviews with the participants of the Facilitation Meetups were carried out, and observations during the events were noted in order to analyze the most sustainable distance learning experience. Explanations and detailed coverage of the Facilitation Meetups are covered in the “Introducing the Case Study” section. In the “Findings & Analysis” section, the data obtained from both in-depth interviews and participatory observations during “Facilitation Meetups”, including experiences that cause both positive and negative effects in distance education, were analyzed. Possible sustainable experiences in distance education are proposed, stating that these can be designed through the instructor role gaining facilitation competencies.Öğe From Aya Irini to the Prince's islands- discourses and representations of the city in Istanbul biennial catalogs(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2019) Güçlü Evrüke, Ece Gül; Furman, İvo OzanABSTRACT: The notion of biennial has been evolved over the years since its beginning in 1895 into a brand and culture by itself to represent certain messages in a specific period. Almost every country started to organize its own biennial event to catch and keep international attention on them and this situation is accelerated after the 1970s all around the world. In 1987, Istanbul Biennials are started to express the current sociopolitical and cultural identity of the city and the country over the years. The brand of Istanbul has been reshaped continuously and the biennial is utilized to deliver the desired brand image of the city to the globe. As the tools of contemporary biennial serve the delivery of the desired messages this paper seeks to understand what kind of messages are produced through myths, direct and indirect narratives. The methodology of this paper is based on a semiotic and content analysis of biennial catalogs as permanent footprints of a seasonal event. Hence, this paper is analyzing preferred colors, wordings, photos, places, artists, curators, and their description texts to create a frame of the intended message of the event and its evolution over the years. Also, the results are utilized to compare produced messages and the current atmosphere of the city as well as the nation and periphery. At the end of this paper, the actors, their addressed messages, methods and the correlation between these elements will be unfolded regarding the reflections on biennial catalogs.Öğe Information warfare: the use of social media as an influential tool in shaping the public opinion during the Syrian revolution, year 2019(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Hariri, Leen; Özçetin, BurakABSTRACT: While it is argued that the core goals of social media include enhancing connectedness and increasing the awareness of users towards various topics and affairs, these platforms can be described on the other hand as “a weapon of words that influences the hearts and minds of a target audience, and a weapon of mass destruction that can have effects on targets in the physical world” (Manduric, 2016, p. 262). It is argued that during the war taking place on ground in Syria, social media platforms presented a parallel battlefield that the fighting parties recognized its vitality in shaping the course of the events, and which the Syrian regime tried, through its different content strategies, to benefit from in order to shape the perception and opinion of the public audience. This thesis aims to provide an understanding of the role of social media and information during the Syrian Revolution in shaping the public opinion discourse, during the year 2019. Through the framework of Information warfare, and by analyzing the multimedia content of influencing travelers/vloggers -who visited Syria during that period-, we try to understand what messages and discourses these influencers tried to present, and which tools and techniques they tried to use and develop. The thesis argues that, despite the existence of considerable differences in terms of the tools and techniques used, the travel influencers delivered common ideas and messages that promoted the idea of a safe, historical, and touristic country that succeeded to overcome its long-lasting conflict, and which became ready to welcome the tourists coming from all over the world.Öğe An analysis of SNS usage of contemporary art institutions in Istanbul(İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2020) Berber, Fatma; Yıldız, Esra[Abstract Not Available]
